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Family Violence EssayFamily abandon is not a new pheno handson, as it has fundamentally existed since the beginning of time. Only in recent times, however provoke societies begun to recognize force and family members as a neighborly problem (Barnett, Miller-Perrin Perrin, 2005). For some(prenominal) years, the social problem of family fierceness had not only been heavily ignored, but for a number of years, had not been fully understood. For pillow slip, family wildness takes many forms and has a number of opposite names. Family violence, also kn become as domestic violence, nuptial ill- pulmonary tuberculosis, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined as a pattern of opprobrious fashions by wholeness partner against an some new(prenominal) in an intimate family such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation (Barnett et al. , 2005). Moreover, family violence includes but is not limited to physical abuse such as kicking and pu nching, but also includes intimate and sensational abuse. Emotional abuse includes controlling or domineering intimidation stalking passive/covert abuse (neglect) and economic deprivation and in many cases is more than severe than physical abuse.The changing visibility of family violence is the leading indicator of the necessity of an historical approach to comprehending it (Gordon, 2002). Over the past fewer years, the general public in the US has belong familiar with family violence through news coverage of highly publicizes cases, TV programs and movies. At the same time, interrogationers m some other made great strides in recognizing the scope of family violence and the stage setting in which it occurs (Barnett et al., 2005). As sociologists come of it today, family violence is politically, historically and socially constructed (Gordon, 2002). In terms of supply relations and functionalism, family violence arises forth of power struggles in which members of the family argon contesting for resources and bene controls (Gordon, 2002). Furthermore, these contests arise from both personal aspirations and change social norms and conditions (Gordon, 2002). It is thitherfore important to know that family violence disregardnot be understood outside the context of the overall politics of the family. Historical developments that continue to influence family violence include prominent changes in the situation of women and electric razorren (Gordon, 2002).It is peremptory therefore for a historical analysis of family violence to include a view of the changing power relations among classes, sexes, and generations (Gordon, 2002). Political attitudes have also touch on research findings about family violence. Both psychological and sociological interpretations in the debate often ignore the sexual urge politics of family violence issues, and the grammatical gender implications of policy recommendations, not only when women or girls were the victims, but also when women were the abusers (Gordon, 2002). Over the past 80 years, four major types of family violence have be studied and examined child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse of children and wife beating. In later years, there have been other forms of family violence, which include sibling abuse (which is the most common form of family violence), and older abuse (Gordon, 2002).Family violence has had many different faces historically, and has been classified in five different stages with different focuses periodically. The first was the 19th century and child saving era, which was from 1876-1910. During this era, there was anti-cruelty to children movement that was influenced by the temperance movement. Emphasis on the cruelty d ane to kids was placed on the immigrant poor and never the respect adequate to(p) classes (Gordon, 2002). The progressive era was followed by a child saving era which lasted from 1910 -1930 which lead to an emphasis on child neglect. During this era, th ere was a decrease emphasis on alcohol and place other forms of stress such as poverty, unemployment and illness (Gordon, 2002). The depressed followed the progressive era where there was an change magnitude defense for the conventional nuclear family.During the World warf be world war 2 era and the 1950s child neglect was increasingly seen as emotional neglect and the 1960s and 70s was a period of developmentd medicalization of family violence which, as sociologists have identified can have highly negative affects (Gordon, 2002). A lot of attention to family violence began to gain increasing sizeableness during the time of the womens movement in the 1970s as a concern about wives being beaten by their husbands. Interestingly enough, there was a rise in what some call the mens movement as response to the problem of domestic violence against men, which is largely omitted in the feminist scheme (Barnett et al., 2005). just about flaws in the feminist approach to family violence (as well as others that give be further discussed in the paper), is that it has reduced domestic violence, peculiarly against men as their likelihood of being killed by a fe mannish intimate partner has decreased six-fold (Barnett et al., 2005).OVERVIEW OF SEMINAR READINGS WEEK 2Symbolic interactionism is a sight which seeks to understand how people interact with others (Ingoldsby, Smith Miller, 2004a). The theory claims that people interact with one another by interpreting undividedly others actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Their response is based on the meanings that they attach to such actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Thus, human interaction is largely mediated by the use of symbols (Karp Yoels, 1993). Authors Karp Yoels (1993) discuss notions of the generalized other and looking-glass self as examples of symbols with which we interact. In one instance, the self emerges from common expectations that others have about social norms at bottom a particular society (Kar p Yoels, 1993). But in another instance, people willing self-evaluate themselves against the sensed judgments of others and act accordingly (Karp Yoels, 1993). The emphasis on symbols brings attention to the roles people play. Role-playing is a learn mechanism that take into greenbacks people to see another persons post to understand what an action might mean (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a).In sum, no situation is static but rather contextual (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Individuals then through their deliver behavior and interaction with others, construct their psyche social realities (Karp Yoels, 1993 Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Situating family violence within a framework of exemplary interactionism is important in that it provides a context within which people develop their personal interpretations of events. Therefore to understand family violence requires knowledge of the work ates through which such interpretations emerge. Rosen (1996) and Mullaney (2007) illustrate ways in which interpretations of the self atomic number 18 at the mall of domestic violence. Their findings argon essential for understanding how family violence continues over time. Findings also help to account for the formation and preservation of culture and social roles in society. In one respect, interpretations of the self be mediated through deuce primary orientations of dialogue processes of seduction and processes of entrapment (Rosen, 1996).This first is characterized by forces that tend to draw women into their births (romantic fantasies and romantic fusion) and the chip by forces that keep them there survival tactics, cognitive dissonance, roller coaster relationships, traumatic bonding, Romeo and Juliet effects, and peer-family collusion (Rosen, 1996). For example, within the framework of symbolic interactionism, processes of seduction can be broadly defined as a dependent emotional state (Rosen, 1996). Individuals then, connect with partners because they internalize similar understandings of weakness and dependency to communicate aspectings of love (Rosen, 1996). The interplay of such communication patterns facilitates an environment of spousal abuse that is likely to continue so long as interaction is repetitive (Rosen, 1996). Processes of entrapment on the other hand, can be argued to manifest the externalization of the communication patterns found in processes of seduction.Once meanings of dependency and weakness have been internalized as being both legitimate and appropriate within the context of ones relationship, these women rationalize such behavior as the norm and thus persevere. Survival tactics for example illustrate these efforts, by which women actively acquire towards relationship management of an inglorious relationship, otherwise internalized as an acceptable social norm. In contrast, Mullaney (2007) identifies low self-esteem as a correlate of mens red-faced behavior. Domestic violence then, is a reaction to the attacks or perceived attacks on mens self-concept (Mullaney, 2007). Mullaney (2007) argues that men will most often justify, even also minimize, excuse, or blame and offer no apology on account for their violence towards women.These categories serve as scripts through which perceptions of maleness are restored (Mullaney, 2007). If threatened, masculinity evolves accordingly as men interpret the actions of those around them. For example, womens irrational spending habits may undermine mens role as pecuniary provider (Mullaney, 2007). Men would argue that such habits do not align functionally with womens domestic and social roles (Mullaney, 2007). By doing so, mens responses are based on the meanings which they attach to such actions and devise cultural expectations of gender fight. This is problematic because it helps promote and develop stereotypically gendered selves (Mullaney, 2007). Symbolic interactionism then, establishs efficacious in demonstrating how dominant ideologies of gen der are enacted within the interactions of marital relationships, and lend to domestic violence in the process.THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESFeminist surmiseThe root of feminist theory begins with the inclusion of gender and power. Feminists argue that the distinctions between males and females are not inherent or functional rather they are socially constructed to create and master(prenominal)tain male power in society and thus the family (Yllo, 1993). This sense of patriarchy reinforces traditional social roles and the relationship between the ingredient of power and gender. The feminist attitude suggests that men use violence to retain their dominance or sense of control within the institution of the family. Thus, the feminist paradigm believes that domestic violence is utilized as another doer of the social control of women, and takes roots at a personal, institutional, symbolic and material level. The application of a feminist lens to Rosens (1996) article allows for a very(pren ominal) different approach to the processes of abduction and entrapment. The feminist perspective would likely explain that the forces drawing women into abusive relationships were largely due to the social expectations of femininity and masculinity. The concept of romantic fantasies can be explored through gender identities.Here society portrays the male as being a strong, aggressive, independent individual and the female as a weak, patrician individual that is largely dependant on their partner. For instance, the fantasy of Cinderella eludes that a man can protect a muliebrity and save her from her problems. Feminists would suggest that women fall victim to these relationships due to the inequalities portrayed by traditional gender norms. Feminist theorists would likely explain the concept of romantic fusion as being due to the innately controlling nature of husbands within a patriarchal marriage. This type of relationship is defined as old Terrorism (Johnson, 1995). Here, the woman in the relationship would be forced to part with her individual characteristics and become completely devoted to her husband (Johnson, 1995). Furthermore, the husband may further restrict the identity of the woman by refusing to allow her to go to work or maintain friends outside of the actual relationship.The feminist lens would offer a slightly different interpretation of the processes that restrict women from escaping abusive relationships. Though women may still use coping mechanisms and adhere to other social forces, outlined by symbolic interactionaists, feminist theory suggests two main reasons why they stay in crazy relationships. The first reason women stay in abusive relationships is fro the sake of their children (Emery, 2009). In cases such as these women will stay with the intent of maintaining some stability for their kids by trying keeping the family in tact. The other reasons women may stay are due to the normalization of gender norms in society. Feminist theo ry sees the root causes of intimate partner violence as a causation of living in a society that excuses aggressive male behaviours (Yllo, 1993). In other words, because these behaviours are so normative, some women may excuse the behavior and treat it as the norm. What is perceived as the norm also varies crossways culture. Even today, many cultures adhere to traditional hegemonic norms and strongly believe women should be completely subservient to their husbands. In cases such as this, abuse may be next to impossible to escape.The application of the feminist perspective to Mullaneys (2007) article would allow for a similar analysis of the attitudes of men and their reasons for rationalizing their abusive behaviours. Mullaney (2007) suggests that men will often become red-faced due to low self-esteem and a perceived attack on their self-concept. The feminist lens would suggest that men become violent due to the inequalities in society that allow men an advantage position and with that gendered norms. Traditional hegemonic masculine norms suggest that men should be leaders that are strong, in control and tough. This is what the men in the study were trying to demonstrate. Whenever, they felt that their sense of masculinity was being challenged they would lash out in an start out to determine control. The Control Model of Domestic Violence further provides a precise framework in displaying the interconnection between violence and other forms of coercive control. precisely put, the feminist theory suggests that men use violence as a tactic of controlling their abused wives from participating in actions they have not sanctioned.Family Systems TheoryThe Family Systems theory provides a very unique, holistic perspective on the topic of violence in the family. This perspective describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. Sociologist Ernest Burgess, best summarized this perspective when he stated that the family is more then just a definition it is a living, super personality that has its essence in the interaction of its members (Ingoldsby, Smith Miller, 2004b). separately member of the family plays a very important role in the overall functioning of the unit. When applied to the topic of violence in the institution of the family, this paradigm focuses on the family dynamics that contribute to domestic abuse. Subsequently little attention is focused on the individual perpetrating the violence and more attention is paid to the environment surround the violence and the role each character in the family plays. The Family Systems perspective offers a diverse interpretation of Rosens (1996) article on the processes of abduction and entrapment.Family Systems Theorists differ with respect to how they feel that women are drawn into abusive relationships. This perspective identifies the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (I ngoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions that certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and peach tree and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from. They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control.Family Systems Theory offers a unique interpretation as to the role women play in becoming stuck in abusive relationships. In the stages preceding marriage, women will often date their partner, while simultaneously leading separate lives which consist of separate relations. As the commitment in a relationship increases, a partner off begins to modify their indi vidual social lives. In these types of situations, both men and women will often make more time for one another. This allows for the woman to feel appreciated and loved. As the relationship continues to progress, incidents of sexual jealously among men will often become a major source of conflict. This sense of possessiveness will ultimately cause the female to begin severing ties with male friends, and become increasingly committed to her future husband (Dobash Dobash, 1993). Once married, dramatic changes occur and the extreme constriction of the wives social biography takes place. With the founding of children, comes the solidification of traditional gendered norms. Wives become extremely restricted and are left responsible for domestic work, such as the operation of the home (Dobash Dobash, 1993).This may cause women to become increasingly dependant on their husbands. Subsequently, when sources of conflict occur, such as sexual jealousy, disputes over domestic duties or the expenditure of money, women may feel that they have no mobility and are stick in their current situation. Lastly, Family Systems Theory offers a holistic approach to the factors found in Mullaneys (2007) article that cause men abuse their partners. Like Feminists, Family Systems theorists also believe that a very important aspect of traditional hegemonic masculinity is the segment of control. However, unlike the feminist theory this approach attempts to understand what causes men to lose control.One explanation is that violent men often feel as if they may lose control, if they express their emotions, and thus hold it in. This in turn, causes violent men to generally be less emotionally reactive to stress on a day-to-day basis, then non-violent men (Umberson, Anderson, Williams, Chen, 2003). Though in the short term, repression may be a successful coping strategy for reducing stress and anxiety, it causes the individual increased predicaments in the long run. Repression turns a vi olent man into a ticking-time bomb, one that is ready to explode in a violent manner.As a result, unlike feminist theories or social interactionism, family systems theory attempts to understand violence in the family by examining every interdependent part of the family. This includes the part both the victims and the offenders play, as well as the role everyday stresses and ones immediate environment have in contributing to family violence.Social ConstructionismThe methodological approach of Social Constructionism somewhat contrasts the assumptions of other theoretical perspectives that explore the issue of family violence. This paradigm suggests that the emergence of social problems is heavily due to how society, or more specialally institutions within society such as the mainstream media, portrays the issue at hand. Furthermore, social constructionists are often referred to as claims-makers, in that they evince a claim that attempts to define the problem at hand. These claims ca n be heavily influenced by the agenda of the claims-maker, and will clearly identify the roles of the characters within the construct of the event. For instance, social constructionists will identify the perpetrator of the violence as the baddie and the abused partner as the victim. The analysis of Rosens article surrounding the processes involved with seduction and entrapment, using a constructionist lens, provides a different interpretation to the ways women become bound to abusive relations.This perspective focuses on the subjective definitions that cause social problems and look to frame the phenomena of family violence as a social problem (Loseke, 2005). For instance, symbolic interactionism maintains that some abused women are bound to relationships by the process of cognitive dissonance. In cases such as this, women create discrepancies between what they believe the violence in the relationship signifies and what is actually happening. Constructionists on the other hand will focus very little time into how women construct the violent situations. Instead this perspective theorizes that these women have fallen victims to the violent, controlling nature of their abusive, villainous male partners (Loseke, 2005). The media or other primary claims-makers would further emphasis on violent verbal claims, visual images and specific behaviours. The reason of this is to evoke the emotions of society in order to persuade society that a troubled condition exists.The application of a constructions lens to Mullaneys article on the reasons and types of rationalizations men provide for spousal abuse would allow theorists a better understanding of the ways victims and villains perceive family violence. The social constructionist lens suggests that men create their own social reality. This reality allows men to rationalize their behaviours. For example, in Mullaneys (2007) article men would often minimize, justify or even deny abusive behaviours. These men will often excu se their behaviours by blaming social or external factors, such as alcohol abuse and the structural problems associated with poverty. These claims are sometimes able to persuade audiences and have allowed for some villains to be rehabilitated through the medicalization of their deviance.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESSymbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism is a key tool to examine domestic violence and its various intricacies. In essence, SI theory attempts to look at domestic violence from the viewpoint of individuals and their interactions with other people. This theory explains that individuals are engulfed in a symbolized environment, where the meanings for these symbols are altered within the course of interaction with other people (Karp Yoels, 1993). For example, in the article The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, SI is exemplified in the notion of cognitive dissonance. If a man were to slap his wife, while sh e may see this as an expression or symbol of love, many other people would see this as abuse. Therefore, the difference and meanings of symbols is very fluid, changing and subjective.Furthermore, SI theory is extremely effective in allowing researchers to understand and describe the individuals and their behaviors. It allows an understanding of how conflicts and complex behavioral patterns may arise in relationships, and how the interpretations of symbols may play a role in domestic disputes. This theory is quite effective in predicting future behavior (SI theory is advantageous to use as it grows and adapts to changes within society) and the roles they may play in the relationship either as a perpetrator or a victim, and the context in which these roles are played (Karp Yoels, 1993). Rosen (1996) explains and clumps together some(prenominal) types of entrapment processes, such as placation or isolation, which predicts why and how females are coerced to remain in that sort of rela tionship.In addition, this theory does neediness certain key elements in understanding domestic violence in its entirety. Due to the quite narrow scope of analysis, it is not very useful in understanding more macro levels of interactions such as groups or family systems. Another disadvantage is that it is quite difficult to apply the theory to other cultures, as its findings and hypotheses are based on a singular cultural atmosphere. Since monotony across cultures does not exist, a grand, overarching theory of domestic violence cannot be established, thereby make international or cross-cultural comparisons quite trying.FeminismDomestic violence as viewed through the feminist perspective focuses on the relationship between gender and the division of power in the familial framework (Yllo, 1993). This framework allows domestic abuse to be viewed in a way that is quite distinct from other theories. Feminist theory reveals that the social expectations regarding masculinity and femininit y give relationships their shape, which may result in violent and abusive familial relations (Yllo, 1993). Feminist theory allows for the recognition of the effects of patriarchy in an abusive relationship, which is normally neglected in other theories. For instance, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) looks at the violence in families, however it neglects several other aspects that could contribute to violence. CTS assumes that males and females are both equally violent in domestic relationships however, feminists note that CTS fails to account for the social expectations (Yllo, 1993).The social expectations of the division of power between a male and female within a relationship can give rise to the abuse and therefore, it cannot be assumed that males and females are equally violent and there are statistical measures that portray a gendered view. For example in the reading, Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence two forms of violence against women it can be seen that femini sm denotes a difference in the types of violence that occur in domestic partnerships and further differentiates between common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism. This article notes that while CTS looks only at a limited number of control tactics, feminism can shed light to several other controlling methods. While, one can see that feminist theory brings up key defining points that are commonly overlooked, it does remain flawed in many respects.Feminist theory is difficult to apply to forms of domestic violence except for spousal abuse specifically it only examines the abuse directed towards women. It automatically victimizes the female, and thereby situates the male in role of the villain. Another disadvantage of using solely feminist theory is that same-sex relationships are also not taken into account in their analyses, since it is assumed in feminist analysis that males are the perpetrators and use violence in the relationship to control women.For instance in the article , The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, the analyses are based on the observation of heterosexual relationships. It did not look at how and if these processes of entrapment are applicable to homosexual relationships, for instance, do the Cinderella or Beauty and the Beast paradigm still adequately explain why homosexuals remain in violent relationships. It can be seen that there is a victim/perpetrator structure of the violent relationship, however it cannot be concluded that the processes that entrap victims in violent relationship are similar for same-sex couples.Family Systems TheoryFamily systems theory is a more holistic approach to understanding abuse within the family and further looks into how everyone within this framework is interconnected. Therefore, it explains how the individual affects the family system and vice versa. Through this analysis, one key contribution of this theory is that it paves the way of ide ntifying the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions, certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from.They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control. In the article, Stay for the Children? Husband Violence, Marital Stability, and Childrens Behavior Problems it clearly articulates that the violent behavior is internalized or externalized by children by prolonged exp osure of violent behavior. The cyclical pattern of violence is foreseeable in these sorts of family arrangements, thereby being consistent with the idea that the system of family and the individuals within it are affected by each other on a constant basis. Family Systems theory also helps identify the different sorts of family structures in terms of their communicational boundaries and also allows the recognition of the various outcomes for a particular situation (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b).Understanding that there are multiple outcomes for a given situation sets a more encompassing investigation and limits the likelihood of loss something out or missing a key-contributing factor. It also allows a point of differentiation, and assumes that not all people react the same when the situation arises. This is important as it further provides the researcher with a defining and narrowing point as to which sort of family has a higher likelihood for domestic violence to occur and persist. Some of the downfalls of using family systems theory are that it is often criticized that it is too general and therefore, its application remains vague. The vagueness stretches from the assumption that systems theory is not a true theory rather it is a model that is more methodological than theoretical.Social ConstructionismSocial constructionist theory is a popular theory used to examine the roles played in an abusive relationship. An advantage of constructionist theory is that it clearly identifies the victim and the villain within the construct of the particular event (Loseke, 2005). Claims-makers are portrayed as practical actors constructing successful claims that reflect existing culture, and producing new culture of various social problems, specifically family violence. Social constructionism also allows domestic violence issues to be raised to the forefront and become more public, through the media. Through its application and explanations, this theory can be used to show how k nowledge is socially constructed and how that knowledge reflects power and politics in family violence situations. Furthermore, it can give shape to other forms of domestic violence through counter claims making, such as husband abuse. Unlike other theories, constructionism is quite useful in examining other types of abuse and not singularly looking at wife abuse like feminism (Loseke, 2005). Constructionism allows for the understanding of child or elderberry bush abuse in the household.This theory also helps understand how people construct realities that keep them in abusive relationships, and how the relationship may be viewed differently to other people. In the article by Mullaney (2007), the construction of the mens reality of the situation may differ from what abuse has occurred to the wife. The husband may reframe the abuse as non-violent or suggest that in that instance of abuse that it was not the real him that was carrying out the abuse. The disadvantages of using social c onstructionist theory are that due to the fact that individual events are a crucial component to the analysis, its subjectivity allows much room for debate. This makes it difficult to develop a theory that can encompass all the social realities and have it apply to all domestic violence cases cross-culturally.While looking at the article Creating clients Social problems work in a shelter for battered women, it can be seen that shelters create an ideal client that one must fit in order to be allowed to be in the shelter. Creating this sort of criteria leaves out many other people who typically do not fit the stereotype or do not meet the conditions set out by the providers even though they are in need of assistance. Using this theory, it seems as though society has constructed an ideal victim and those who do not appear to fit this idealistic view of a victim are often rejected despite their need for immediate attention.Social constructionism therefore does not grant that everyone e xperiencing violence will be offered assistance, as this is based on the shelters perception of what a victim should look like. Family violence is a very wicked social problem, and while social critics focus on how to achieve social change in this regard, social constructionists work to achieve new knowledge. Thus, social constructionism does not only pose a potentially dangerous approach to understanding and treatment of family violence, but it also does not examine objective conditions in their own right and seek to solve this social problem essentially there are no real truths due to the subjectivity of the theory.REFLECTIONAlthough much research and knowledge has been gathered in the field of family violence, there are ways in which this research must progress. Theoretically, family systems theory, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and feminist perspectives each have advantages in their application. As previously discussed, they each additionally have faults that hinder the study of family violence. We propose that a new theoretical framework be considered which essentially combines different aspects of each. For example, the notions of cause and effect associated with family systems, with an understanding of roles, salience and identity associated with symbolic interactionism. These theories can additionally be used to critically examine the core concepts of each. For example, how is the process of the looking-glass self influenced by the double-bind. Theoretical application in these ways may lead to new ways of perceiving family violence.The study of family violence also should attempt to increase its scope. Studies of family violence must adjust due to emerging and increasingly common alternative family forms same-sex parent families and polygamous relationships are such examples. Methodologically, the study of family violence should attempt to attain a more culturally diverse sample. Many of the readings focused on this semester relied on a predominantly Caucasian sample, and studies focusing on different ethnicities would be beneficial. If researchers are to examine alternative family forms they must also establish a methodology that is sensitive to the stigma surrounding different identities, for example the expurgation associated with husband abuse, or the intersection of a homosexual identity within a context of family violence. Researchers should also establish a methodology that accounts for those patterns of violence considered less severe than others such as verbal abuse, as studies pertaining solely to physical violence are not enough. Practically, we suggest that researchers focus on early intercession through education.Researchers should aim for the implementation of programs directed to informing children and teenagers about this social issue. With increased awareness may come increased action towards ending the problem. These programs may assist a young person who is dealing with family violence, gi ving them an opportunity to speak to someone about it. Making the issue visible, giving it a computer program to be discussed and early intervention is requisite to decreasing the frequency of family violence. The application of different aspects of the theories discussed this semester will be beneficial to the study of family violence as a whole. The fallacies of one theory may be redeemed through the usage of another. When evaluating such troubling social issues such as family violence, it is important to always pretend critically.In the cases of physical violence, we know that though symbolic interactionism, family members react to a situation based on their ability interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors. If a family is exposed to continuous physical abuse, in what ways do the family members interpret and internalize it? Why is it that many of the abused women came from families where no abuse was present and moreover continue the cycle of abuse? Where has the self worth gone or was it ever there in the first place? We now know some of the reasons why family violence is not reported and a lot of it has to do with the social stigma that is attributed both by those receiving the abuse and those who are the abusers. By building on rather than challenging the theories we can expand our knowledge and practically implement programs to assist those dealing with family violence.REFERENCESBarnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D. (2005). Family violence across the lifespan An introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications. Dobash, R. E. Dobash, R. (1993). Violence against wives. In B. Fox (Ed.), Familypatterns Gender relations (pp. 299-317). Toronto Oxford University Press. Emery, C. R. (2009). Stay for the children? Husband violence, marital stability, and childrens behavior problems. Journal of conjugation and the Family, 71, 905-916. Gordon, L. (1989). The politics and history of family violence. In A. Skolnick J. Skolnick (Eds.), Family in Transition (pp. 68-86). Glenview, Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., Miller, J. (2004a). Symbolic interactionism theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 81-92). CA Roxbury Publishing Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., Miller, J. (2004b). Family systems theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 167-179). CA Roxbury Publishing Company. Johnson, M. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283-294. Karp, D., Yoels, B. (1993). Socialization and the construction of social reality. In D. Karp W. Yoels (Eds.), Sociology in everyday life (pp. 37-59). Illinois Waveland Press. Loseke, D. R. (2005). Construction people. In D. R. Loseke (Ed.), Thinking about social problems An introduc tion to constructionist perspective (pp. 75-96). London Aldine Transaction. Mullaney, J. L. (2007). Telling it like a man Masculinities and battering mens accounts of their violence. Men and Masculinities, 10, 222-247. Rosen, K. (1996). The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment. In D. Cahn S. Lloyd (Eds.), Family violence from a communication perspective (pp. 151-176). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. Umberson, D., Anderson, K., Williams, K., and Chen, M. (2003). Relation dynamics, emotion state, and domestic violence a stress and masculinities perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 233-247. Yllo, K. (1993). Through a feminist lens Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury parking lot Sage Publications.