The Moths

Through the role of Symbolism and depicting In the little chronicle The Moths by Helena Maria Viramontes, the personnel uses symbolisationism and portraiture to paint the scene of a girl in a literary fiction that has lost her itinerary and blocks up decision herself within her nanna finished the cycles of manner.Through the eyes of an unnamed girl we live over a chivalric that has both a traumatic land uping and a tender confidential information on livelihood however, we do non function there without graduation being destineingn the personal manner, enter The Moths. The author utilizes opposite ends of the s ignoret(p) spectrum to signify beginnings and destructions by painting a vivid picture for the indorser There comes a duration when the sunbathe is unmanageable.Just about the time when moods variegate, inescapable seasons of a day, transitions from unrivaled color to a nonher(prenominal), that hour or minute or second when the sun is nettly de feated, finally sinks into the realization that it can non with all its power to heal or burn, exist forever, there comes an illumination where the sun and man meet, a final burst of burning red chromatic furiousness reminding us that although endings atomic number 18 fateful, they argon necessary for transitions, and when the time came, just when I switched on the dismount in the kitchen to open Abuelitas soup, it was probably thence that she died (Viramontes 4).She explains to the reader why the sun causes antithetical shades of red and orange throughout the day, the shades themselves represent a life span of various ages, which turn different colors with the coming seasons of the day, as strange to the year, at the end of that day the sun dies and a naked as a jaybird slug is born in place of that sun, and when a idle dies the sun is regenerate the next day, and so goes the cycle of life. With this the fabricator to a fault states that endings be inevitable and s o when we find at the nanna we already agnize that she exit die because her end is, as the fibber alleges inevitable.The final bourne in the excerption is perhaps the single most important parting that ties all of the role of symbolism together. When the vote counter turns the easy on, a new day has started in the form of a conversion caused by her naans death, you see, the dream in the business relationship is not as present as the sun, however, we be intimate that the Grandm other(a)s name is Luna, which translated in the narrators essential tongue of Spanish is moon, we do her language is Spanish because of the consistent use of Latin terms a interchangeable Placa, Menudo, or thus far Heliotrope, which is a native plant of Peru.Since the moon is the polar opposite of the sun we can say that, in the valet de chambre element of the story there is Grandma Luna which is soon at the ending of her moon life and at the beginning of her rebirth towards a new day as the sun, the light bulb, as a symbol of rebirth representing the sun, appears one more time in the story, where in the instigate of her Grandmothers death, the narrator is watching the moths fluttering to light, carrying her Grandmothers someone to a place were it can become reborn.I imagine that the authors carefully chosen name of Luna for the Grandmother was in fact to show the reader that our death is inevitable but our rebirth in terms of happiness is changeable.Equally important in the story is the use of characterization to show the reader barely who the protagonist in the story is and what kind of life she is living, we branch read of her sisters and how they act in demarcation line to the protagonist I the narrator wasnt even pretty or nice wish well my older sisters and I just couldnt do the girl things they could do, the narrator first roundly tells the reader that she is different from her sisters and then shows the reader on the button how they are not the same through the use of characterization, My reach were in like manner big to clench the fineries of crocheting or embroidery and I constantly pricked my fingers or knotty my colored threads time and time over again while my sisters laughed and called me cocksucker hands with their cute waterlike voices. . With all of this information we can tell that the narrator is having difficulty in her induce path and does not feel gentle in her own body, it seems that she is more of a son then a girl according to the standards set forth by her mother and father. notwithstanding why is it that the narrator should set to these standards? At this render we already know that they are in contrast to each other but the reasonableness as to why is deep rooted through yet another mean, conformity.Her father is rattling devoted to his religious beliefs and wants his family to conform, He would pound his hands on the table, rocking the sugar dish or spilling a cup of drinking chocolat e and scream that if I didnt go to mass each Sunday to bring out my divinity fudgedamn sinning soul, then I had no reason to go out of the house, period. Punto final. , the narrator has issues with this because she does not want to conform to something she does not herself regard in. The reader knows she feels uncomfortable in a church because she says I was alone. I know why I had never returned when she went to the chapel, wherefore we are remaining to the conclusion that the narrator has a desolate spunk that yearns to become free of the beliefs that give up been bestowed upon her. In other words she is entirely opposite of her wide-cut family, or so we see thus far.Grandma Luna is an provoke character, she does not have many lines in the story but the monstrance of her character plays a very important role as to who exactly she is, where she came from, where she is sacking, but even more important, where she is leading the narrator. The Grandmothers life parallel s that of the narrator in the respect that sometime during her life she was alike defiant, The scars on her back which were as thick as the life lines on the palms of her hands made me infer how little I really knew of Abuelita. This line is instructive to the narrator, for the first time she realizes that she is not alone in her personal beliefs.She also wants to become free like her Grandmother is, I liked her porch because it was shield by the vines of the chayotes and I could get a good look at the people and car traffic on Evergreen without them knowing, she likes the porch because the vines are growing in and around her Grandmothers home, she also feels protected by the vines. We also know she cares for her Grandmother, because of the way she talks about her, Really, I told my Ama it was only becoming. Even sooner her realization of Grandma Lunas defiance the narrator felt a sound familiarity to her, but seeing the scars she has a great hotshot of why it is that she ge ts along so well with her Grandmother. They are both very much alike, and she feels safe around her, I the narrator endlessly felt her time-worn eye on me.It made me feel, in a strange manner of way, safe and guarded and not alone. Like divinity fudge was supposed to restore you feel, the authors choice of the word was, tells us that god does not make her feel safe, instead it is her Grandmother whom she confides in. The narrator herself is defiant and even undutiful at times, however her defiance is not do without reason it is do because of her personal beliefs. Her mother and father have strong religious beliefs and fork oer to force those beliefs upon her, when she does not want to conform she fakes going to church and instead, goes over to her Grandmothers home where she finds comfort in helping her Grandmother with her daily chores.Viramontes chooses to keep the narrator unnamed so that the reader feels like they are taking on the role of the narrator, if she had name d her Alice or Lisa then the interview might not have felt a strong connection with the narrator and the message of rebirth and changing your own mental term to achieve a form of enlightenment, may not have been accomplished. In the end we realize the purpose of the story, it tells about the rebirth any individual(a) can make by changing the way they see the world. The narrator saw the world brand new for the first time in a different light because of her Grandmothers death and ulterior rebirth through the moths, carrying her soul to new light. Its not in a literal sense that the narrator is born again instead its more of a mental status change that the narrator has undergone, and because of that she is at peace with herself.The MothsThrough the use of Symbolism and Characterization In the short story The Moths by Helena Maria Viramontes, the author uses symbolism and characterization to paint the scene of a girl in a literary fiction that has lost her way and ends up finding he rself within her Grandmother through the cycles of life.Through the eyes of an unnamed girl we relive a past that has both a traumatic ending and a new leash on life however, we do not get there without first being shown the way, enter The Moths. The author utilizes opposite ends of the light spectrum to signify beginnings and endings by painting a vivid picture for the reader There comes a time when the sun is defiant.Just about the time when moods change, inevitable seasons of a day, transitions from one color to another, that hour or minute or second when the sun is finally defeated, finally sinks into the realization that it cannot with all its power to heal or burn, exist forever, there comes an illumination where the sun and earth meet, a final burst of burning red orange fury reminding us that although endings are inevitable, they are necessary for rebirths, and when the time came, just when I switched on the light in the kitchen to open Abuelitas soup, it was probably then t hat she died (Viramontes 4).She explains to the reader why the sun causes different shades of red and orange throughout the day, the shades themselves represent a life span of different ages, which turn different colors with the coming seasons of the day, as opposed to the year, at the end of that day the sun dies and a new moon is born in place of that sun, and when a moon dies the sun is reborn the next day, and so goes the cycle of life. With this the narrator also states that endings are inevitable and so when we look at the Grandmother we already know that she will die because her end is, as the narrator says inevitable.The final line in the excerpt is perhaps the single most important piece that ties all of the usage of symbolism together. When the narrator turns the light on, a new day has started in the form of a rebirth caused by her Grandmothers death, you see, the moon in the story is not as present as the sun, however, we know that the Grandmothers name is Luna, which tr anslated in the narrators native tongue of Spanish is moon, we know her language is Spanish because of the consistent use of Latin terms like Placa, Menudo, or even Heliotrope, which is a native plant of Peru.Since the moon is the polar opposite of the sun we can say that, in the human element of the story there is Grandma Luna which is currently at the ending of her moon life and at the beginning of her rebirth towards a new day as the sun, the light bulb, as a symbol of rebirth representing the sun, appears one more time in the story, where in the wake of her Grandmothers death, the narrator is watching the moths fluttering to light, carrying her Grandmothers soul to a place were it can become reborn.I believe that the authors carefully chosen name of Luna for the Grandmother was in fact to show the reader that our death is inevitable but our rebirth in terms of happiness is changeable.Equally important in the story is the use of characterization to show the reader exactly who the protagonist in the story is and what kind of life she is living, we first read of her sisters and how they act in contrast to the protagonist I the narrator wasnt even pretty or nice like my older sisters and I just couldnt do the girl things they could do, the narrator first bluntly tells the reader that she is different from her sisters and then shows the reader exactly how they are not the same through the use of characterization, My hands were too big to handle the fineries of crocheting or embroidery and I always pricked my fingers or knotted my colored threads time and time again while my sisters laughed and called me bull hands with their cute waterlike voices. . With all of this information we can tell that the narrator is having difficulty in her own path and does not feel comfortable in her own body, it seems that she is more of a boy then a girl according to the standards set forth by her mother and father. But why is it that the narrator should conform to these standard s? At this point we already know that they are in contrast to each other but the reason as to why is deep rooted through yet another mean, conformity.Her father is very devoted to his religious beliefs and wants his family to conform, He would pound his hands on the table, rocking the sugar dish or spilling a cup of coffee and scream that if I didnt go to mass every Sunday to save my goddamn sinning soul, then I had no reason to go out of the house, period. Punto final. , the narrator has issues with this because she does not want to conform to something she does not herself believe in. The reader knows she feels uncomfortable in a church because she says I was alone. I know why I had never returned when she went to the chapel, therefore we are left to the conclusion that the narrator has a free spirit that yearns to become free of the beliefs that have been bestowed upon her. In other words she is completely opposite of her entire family, or so we see thus far.Grandma Luna is an in teresting character, she does not have many lines in the story but the presentation of her character plays a very important role as to who exactly she is, where she came from, where she is going, but even more important, where she is leading the narrator. The Grandmothers life parallels that of the narrator in the respect that sometime during her life she was also defiant, The scars on her back which were as thick as the life lines on the palms of her hands made me realize how little I really knew of Abuelita. This line is informative to the narrator, for the first time she realizes that she is not alone in her personal beliefs.She also wants to become free like her Grandmother is, I liked her porch because it was shielded by the vines of the chayotes and I could get a good look at the people and car traffic on Evergreen without them knowing, she likes the porch because the vines are growing in and around her Grandmothers home, she also feels protected by the vines. We also know she cares for her Grandmother, because of the way she talks about her, Really, I told my Ama it was only fair. Even before her realization of Grandma Lunas defiance the narrator felt a strong connection to her, but seeing the scars she has a great sense of why it is that she gets along so well with her Grandmother. They are both very much alike, and she feels safe around her, I the narrator always felt her gray eye on me.It made me feel, in a strange sort of way, safe and guarded and not alone. Like God was supposed to make you feel, the authors choice of the word was, tells us that god does not make her feel safe, instead it is her Grandmother whom she confides in. The narrator herself is defiant and even disrespectful at times, however her defiance is not done without reason it is done because of her personal beliefs. Her mother and father have strong religious beliefs and try to force those beliefs upon her, when she does not want to conform she fakes going to church and instead, go es over to her Grandmothers home where she finds comfort in helping her Grandmother with her daily chores.Viramontes chooses to keep the narrator unnamed so that the reader feels like they are taking on the role of the narrator, if she had named her Alice or Lisa then the audience might not have felt a strong connection with the narrator and the message of rebirth and changing your own mental status to achieve a form of enlightenment, may not have been accomplished. In the end we realize the purpose of the story, it tells about the rebirth any individual can make by changing the way they see the world. The narrator saw the world brand new for the first time in a different light because of her Grandmothers death and subsequent rebirth through the moths, carrying her soul to new light. Its not in a literal sense that the narrator is born again instead its more of a mental status change that the narrator has undergone, and because of that she is at peace with herself.

Hope Focused Marriage Counseling Essay

Unlike other explorations insinuated in the context of research, union pleader has been single of the unspecialized fields emerged with theoretical assumptions and form (Stuckert, 2003). This however, has been the challenge to psychologists and pr minuteitioners in defying the thought that marriage gougenot be taken into research since its hypotheses and results of practice have been acclimated, nevertheless the volume available for study is accumulated.Everett L. Worthington Jr. , a psychology professor and the proponent of over 150 articles tackling issues on marriage, pardon and reconciliation was able to find standard procedures on how to keep marriages anchored on delivererianity based marital therapy. More specifically, through the light of his year 1999 print keep back, Hope-Focused wedlock Counseling, equals are to be taken to a self replenishment which will give hope to individuals who are living in a room full of skeptic viewpoints about marriage and eventually rotate a realization that his substantial research shall lead them to a avenue where miracles do happen in the real world. (Worthington, 1999) Overview Marriage is a spectre of the relationship that we are expected to have with Jesuspermanent, loving, committed. (Eph 532) Everett L. Worthington begins his countersign with a verse in the bible which depicts the meaning of marriage in the most moral and Christian way thus giving a connotation that dish uping libertine couples is not an easy task.However, she points out the occurrence that the extent of healing relationships is through developing a character of Christ embodied in any individuals personality and ostensible such with ones relationships to his or her social network as well (Worthington, 1999). Further, he stresses that when a relationship has Christ as vanguard, support will be inhabited with the verity of love, faith and hope and that hence is the start of a bright thing. Strengths What makes his book amazing f alls on the grounds of analytic and realistic situations as the core of the gist of the whole scenario.Initially introducing theories then later putting the theories into practice makes readers able to get around their selves in the dimension that the author intends them to live with. His strategies (advices, so to speak) draws out a hysteria which will make readers know their respective state in life at first, hence, for having been given the momentum to realize what is happening in their lives, they will seek for answers on how to save them from their presumed agony.Further, his approaches through exercises which are good to exhibit (Worthington, 1999)drawing fundamental values, the promotion of confession and forgiveness, communication intensification, aiding passage of arms resolution, alterations of the pattern of thinking, intimacy development, and the cementing of commitmentgives grandeur to the book as readers can implement these exercises with their partners or core gro ups. Realistically crafted, he gives marriage counseling a twist by inculcating his own experiences which gives conviction to the statements and recommendations written in his book.One fascinating fact on the book is its distinctiveness in course, since unlike other books on marriage counseling, typically establishing manuals which synonymously elicit divorce or annulment so as not to expound the situation, this book thinks otherwise. Though the author admitted that is hard and rarely possible in the contemporary societydivorce is legal and other forms of law that suspend couples to live without the need of marital ritesstill, he fervently believes that the sacred sum must be preserved even if others no longer lease as true the usage and the essence of spiritual intimacy.These ideas represented in the book will coin back the integrity, accountability, prudence and proper teaching among couples. Weaknesses Hope-focused rather than problem-focused (Worthington, 1999) this is th e toweringly hopeful campaign of the author. Thus, because of globalization, cultural diversity and the differences of every individual, in that respect may be some who may not appreciate the book for reasons that inhibit the issue on dissimilarity of character, viewpoint in life, tradition and environmental influences.It is evident that the target audiences of the book are Christiansalthough optimistic individuals would to a fault be interested in reading the bookhence this leads us to a remorseful realization that it will not drive naysayer or a pessimist to read it. Still, fingers are crossed on the intent of the book, and that is to airing the thought that change is possible and in the long run, every couple will be given a new outlook on their marriage for the benefit of their family. Conclusions and further remarksThe functions of the husband and the wife bear a multifaceted blueprint of expectations of the responses which are to come from one another. Hence as humans, chall enges and trials are inevitable aspects in life and must therefore be taken with full accountability after having vowed under the sacred espousals and under the blessing of the church. However, in the present era, where several factors influence every persons character and personality, asking for help and intervention from one who truly understands the quintessence of love and marriage is a an ideal act to do (Stuckert, 2003).Communication mostly is the main problem of couples and Worthington is able to help by producing a masterpiece which, with confidence, he believes will save troubled marriages. Forgive. Reconcile. Change can happen if one will listen darn the other speaks. References Stuckert, R. P. (2003). Role Perception and Marital Satisfaction. A Configurational Approach. Marriage and Family Living, 25(4), 415-419. Worthington, E. L. (1999). Hope-Focused Marriage Counseling A Guide to Brief Therapy. Downers Grove, IL InterVarsity Press.

Week One Ethics Development

The ethical system is built from numerous theories. Utilitarianism teaches to do the right things in life. Deontology follows dictations and commandments from the countersign. The truth possibleness contains the development of personal characteristics. It is interesting to know how a person develops incorrupts and values and why everyone is different. Utilitarianism in ethics is the theory that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its receipts in bringing to the highest degree the most happiness of all those modify by it.The word utilitarianism comes from the Greek word telos, which style end. down the stairs this direction, acting ethically manner making decisions and taking actions that benefit the large number by maximizing substantially and minimizing bad (danielsfund. org). Englishmen Jerry Bentham and John Stuart Mill were alike of the most influential developers of the utilitarian view point. Utilitarianism focuses on the pursuit of happiness. another(prenominal) theory is the deontology clean theory.While utilitarianism revolves around the concept of the end justifies the means, and deontology works on a concept that the ends does not justify the means. Deontology is another moral theory that is dependent on the Scriptures, which may reach to reign overs, moral laws, and intuition. It is based on the Greek word deon and logos meaning, the translate of duty. In other words deontology is based on the liking that we adopt a duty to do certain things and to not do certain things.For example, if a person refuses to shoot someone because they feel they have a duty to follow the commandment Thou shalt not putting to death. This sentence becomes a rule that the person lives by. Deontologist have strong feelings about the words right and bully. Rights have to do with actions. Good has to do with outcomes. They feel that right is the only consideration. Deontologist atomic number 18 people who freely select to accept cer tain constraints and who decide what is right by looking at the nature of the act itself.Some establish rules, such as stop your promises, do not kill, etc. and some follow Gods commandments. They do not look at the consequences as a rule and sometimes find themselves in difficult situations. Deontologists face more problems therefore conflicting duties. They are sometimes accused of being cold hearted moral machines that ignore the world around them. There are many disputes with this moral theory because people question if they are being ethical by doing what God says because they want to go to heaven.There is a difference amid being obedient and being ethical. Another fascinating theory is the law theory. The virtue theory is different from utilitarianism and deontology. Many philosophers believe that morality consists of interest precisely defined rules of conduct. Virtue theorists place less emphasis on learning rules, instead stress the importance of developing good habits of character. The virtue theory emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are unquestionable in ones youth. Adults are responsible for instilling virtues in the young.There are certain traits which are seen to be virtuous. For example, a few are wisdom, courage, justice and temperance. Virtue ethics can be seen as an ethics of personal development. People can develop virtues over time, and so in theory, grow into a better person. The virtue theory describes the countersink of my morality on a personal level. My parents taught me right from wrong and how to be a good person. They were my role models and I am the person that I am today because of them. They taught me that stealing is worng, and to respect others.These things are in the bible an my family believes in God but for me that was not the first that I counterbalance to when I make a decision. My decision making is guided by characteristics and the virtues that are installed in me. When I was younger I mad e many terrible decisions but now that I am older and wiser I make better decisions. For example, one day I was leaving Wal-Mart and I noticed that my daughter which is two years old had a gyp in her stroller that was not paid for. I immediately went pricker inside to pay for the item.Because I have great parents that was raised with the good morals and values I will honor them by set those traits into my children so they will become good people and grow up to be successful in life. Deontology moral theory works for individuals who are obedient and utilitarianism is great for someone who believes in taking action for the good of all. The virtue theory will work for someone who has strong and verifying role models in their life. All three of these theories are great ship canal to incorporate good values and morals. Finding the one the best fits a persons lifestyle is a challenge.

Merck Pharma Case Analysis

Jim Mesplie MBA 519 Competitive Strategy Case Analysis 4 FACTS showtime as a small scale manufacturer of chemical in the United States, Merck Research Labs (MRL) became the crimp nonch look institution in the pharmaceutical industry by World War II. By attracting the top talent in chemistry, biology, and pharmacology, MRL emerged as the leader in clement pharmaceuticals with the inconvenience of highly necessary drugs to treat infections, and tuberculosis. MRL focused their strengths on three describe areas vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones.With the ruff scientists in their industries, MRL developed a re hurlation of being the best and their profitability put them at the top of their own industry. By the 1970s, pharmaceutical research had advanced dramatically and MRL expanded their leadership in the mart by providing breakthrough drugs to the commercialize. In doing so, MRL tripled their bottom line by the 1980s and were continually one of the most valuable companies on an annual basis. MRLs profitability was hard to match by their competitors along with their innovations in the human therapeutic drug commercialise while maintaining a science-based business model.MRL biggest cell nucleus strengths was non only maximizing their top-talent to produce profits and cutting-edge drugs to be sold on the open market, only when being actually train in their drug development process. Every one of MRLs competitors put their newly designed drugs thru the same development process as they do, but the difference is post- trade clinical studies (Phase V) claims sure their products are positioned correctly and they are completion effective to whoever consumes their products for medical reasons. ISSUESIn 1984, the pharmaceutical business world was shook up with the passing of the Hatch-Waxman Act which tore down a barrier that MRL had constituted with their innovations for former(a) competitors to enter the market. This new law enacted allowed generic dr ugs to be manufactured which do a big hit to market share for MRL and other competitors in the pharmaceutical industry. Collaboration could be used with smaller companies to replicate drug patents that recently expired which meant smaller R&D was needed to make generic drugs and the timeline for MRL to have exclusivity was depleted.Another hit was a few years subsequently when pricing restrictions were put in place hurting MRL and the industry notwithstanding further. With the regulations and the FDA allowing businesses to advertise to potential consumers directly thru the mail, television, or print ads in the local anesthetic newspaper, MRL had to re-think their own strategy and begin what the new CEO Ray Gilmartin called a New Reality. In his view, what make MRL the powerhouse in the past is not going to carry the alliance forward with the new business theatre of operations for market share.The belief that the product quality and effectiveness would be ample to justify a pr emium price in the open market would not be a long-term solution for MRL since doctors and patients could get something very similar for a much cheaper price by use generic drugs. The biggest struggle for MRL currently is whether they could adapt to the new changes while maintaining their core determine as being a science-led or based company. Mr.Gilmartin felt the biggest obstacle for the company was generateing drugs to the new market while still using their larger research department while other competitors are pore more on a larger sales force to bring their drugs to market. CONCLUSION/ANALYSIS MRL and Mr. Gilmartin still struggle with adapting to the new market and it is translucent that Mr. Gilmartin isnt quite sold on what the organization has done to be effective with selling their drugs in the market.While not adapting to the drug industry changes, MRL is not leveraging external opportunities with other organizations like their competitors have along with not capitali zing on direct to consumer marketing with a minimal sales force. instantly MRL should not forget what made them great by maintaining a top-tiered research staff, but it would be ideal for them start putting more funds into other critical stages of the drug development process. As you can tell in Exhibit 2, MRLs puts 60% of their R&D expenditures in the target & clinical phases of the drug development process.Now this helped them become a market leader in product differentiation and quality but nows competitors are focusing more on phases III and IV to help drugs hit the market with a bigger impact. I quality MRL is on the path to change while adapting new strategies in solution to the new market. However the bureaucracy that was created in doing so has inhibited this answer to a minimal roar. All these extra teams that Mr. Gilmartin and MRL have created to figure issue how to re-gain their market share have slowed down the progress that was intended. I invoke that Mr.Gilmar tin keep with his somewhat flat leadership organization but sit down more time in working with marketing department to create drugs that are needed in the market place. I feel utilizing the marketing departments expertise and forecast of what the market will command will help MRL develop drugs that can be sold in the market from the beginning will alleviate any wasted efforts for the company in those first few critical and expensive stages of drug development. In doing so, costs will be reduced and profits will be reflective of those efforts which would put them back down the same path that made MRL great in the first place.

Analysis: In School Days

In School life history is a melancholy poem written by John Greenleaf Whittier. In the poem an white-haired man reflects back upon his life and remembers his childhood days. i incident in particular stands out, when he experiences his low love. As superstar grows older they learn to appreciate what the true treasures in life atomic number 18 and that those moments will stay in their hearts forever.Whittier sets the scene by an old schoolhouse by a road. It is his schoolhouse, where he grew up and his education began. And blackberry-vines are creep. / Within the masters desk is seen, / Deep-scarred by raps official. He gives the audience a belief a darkness and sadness. This is being emphasized by Whittier with the word creeping in the forth line.The point of view is that of a young boy. As the school day ends every matchless leaves, except for a little boy and girl. They get a line after school and the girl tells the boy she loves him. I hate to go above you, / Because, the brown eye lower fell, / Because, you see, I love you At first she is talking to him to apologize for making him look bad in class. She than tells him that she is sorry because she loves him. Whittier uses the dash marks around the phrase the brown eyes lower fell to emphasize the change in mood from a little dark and sad to an embarrassing moment in epoch that changes the whole feeling of the poem, to love and warmth.After the speaker tells of how he met his first love he returns to the present time. Still memory to a gray man / That sweet child-face is showing. He is an old man now exactly he still vividly remembers down to the last detail, how he met her. This is one of those things that he will never forget as long as he lives. Dear girl The grasses on her grave / Have 40 years been growing. The narrator is saying that even though years turn in passed, love is one of those things that is not just forgotten it remains with the psyche forever.

Reputation in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay

Reputation is what tribe think of you and it is a part of human nature. Nobody loafer repugn this fact whether they homogeneous it or not. To some, their temper is a blessing beca example of peremptory attitudes towards them. To others, it can be an illness that they cannot cure. In William Shakespe ars Othello, the characters of Iago, the two-faced character, Cassio, Othellos lieutenant at the skip over, and Othello, the Black Moor and the protagonist of the play, show practiced how most-valuable ones character can be.Iagos nature is an honest man and he used this to destruct others composition. Othello has a changing reputation throughout the play. Cassio overly has dramatically changing reputation. I am not what I am is a popular quote that Iago aboveboard says. In this play, Iago is a two-faced character. Iagos persuasion is strong towards Othello and Cassio. He uses his good reputation as a weapon to destroy everyones reputation even though his reputation is the exact opposite of his full-strength nature.This becomes evident when Othello describes Iago as Honest Iago and says this fellows exceeding honesty. Othello is under the impression that Iago is an honest man so he allows himself-importance to be influenced by him and deliberates that he is trustworthy. Othello then believes him when he suggests that Desdemona is unfaithful to him regarding the fact that he does not know much about relationships and women. Iago also worked hard to destroy Cassios reputation by making him drink and making Othello believe that he is in love with Desdemona.Iago also tells us that he cares for his reputation by saying Good name in man and womanhood But he that filches from me my good name robs me off that which not enriches him and makes me brusk indeed unless then he tells Cassio and Othello that reputation is not important. in that respect is more sense that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle and most mendacious imposition and Men should be what they seem. Without Iagos honest reputation, he would not cause the death of Desdemona and ultimately Othello. Roderigo, a suitor of Desdemona, is the tho character who knows the real Iago yet Iago kills him. O damned Iago. You inhuman chink is what Roderigo says before he dies.This is one of the lines that show his real nature. This shows us that our reputation does not throw off to be true to make it or pat among others. Acting is a good way of manipulating others about our reputation. We can use it either for good or evil. In this case, Iago uses his reputation for his own gain and for his evil plans. Cassio is an honest and fast(a) man. Unfortunately his reputation is thoroughly tarnished by Iago. Iago works very hard to damage Cassios reputation and Othellos impression of him.He easily loses his position as Othellos lieutenant and his reputation when Iago plans what might happen if he drinks. Come, lieutenant, I declare a stoup of wine and present without a brac e of Cyprus gallants that would fain have a measure to the health of black Othello. Cassio is resisting but Iago is insisting. He windlessness drinks because he believes that Iago is making an honourable gesture towards Othello and Desdemona. He also believes that Iago is loyal to his commander. Iago then tells Roderigo to attack Cassio by saying How now, Roderigo I pray you after the lieutenant go .Roderigo then follows Iago and then Cassio makes a brawl age Othello is having a good time. Othello then asks what happened then Iago informs him what happened. Othello then fires Cassio as his lieutenant. Cassio value his reputation. It is evident when he says that Reputation, reputation, reputation I have lost the ever-living part of myself, and what remains is bestial Here we are shown that reputation is a human need. Good reputation prevents great public dismay. Also if you have a great reputation when you die, people will remember you nitty-gritty reputation lives longer that h umans do.Good reputation also is harder to advance than to break. It is simply fragile. Othello has a changing reputation throughout the play. Firstly we are shown a confident yet respectful man then a gullible man then a violent one until he becomes a murderer of an innocent person. From the lines Most potent, grave and reverend signiors comes a person with great respect over people with greater position over him. He shows humility and respect while he is harangue and this earns him a great reputation even though he is a black man in a white people community.He also says She loved me for the wars I fought around the last part of the wrangle meaning that the audience should see him as a hero. This fellows of exceeding honesty comes a person with a flaw, his gullibility. In here we see the irony and how he starts to trust Iago more than his beloved Desdemona. We also see that he lacks knowledge in marriage and women. He disregards himself as black and old which he thinks are the reasons why Desdemona is unfaithful to him. In the scene where Othello slaps Desdemona in front of everyone we are shown that Othello is a violent save and not a gentleman.From here on we see how the reputation of Othello changes dramatically. breathe with her Lie on her Pish Noses, ears and lips. Ist possible? / Confess? is a prose that shows a man at its lowest. This quote conveys agitation and his use of questions suggests insecurity. His fractured sense of self is conveyed through the syntax. Here we see that people with great reputation from the start can possibly experience a great breakdown in their reputation. We see how flaws beat good reputation. In the end, we learn that even heroes can just be naive and gullible who can have so many flaws.The theme of reputation in Othello plays a very important role in the play. It is evident on how Iago uses his reputation to ruin others like Cassio and Othello. Reputation is what keeps people living through the ages. Having a good reputation gives us power to easily manipulate and persuade people but if we do that, karma may come to us like what happened to Iago, death. Applying the reputation in the play to the present, someones good reputation is hard to rebuild because it is hard to change people thoughts about you. Reputation is harder to maintain that to break.

Mary Warren

- How does moth miller present the character of Mary Warren in The Crucible? Arthur Miller Shows Mary Warren in different blazes of power. At the beginning of the play at that place is an aspect of her having no power but as you go finished the play there seems to be shifts in her power. Miller designs Mary to demonstrate young, single womens power and how when you demand so often power it can mediocre slip right out of your hands in one apprise moment.Miller shows that power can be taken away pretty well and quite absentmindedly from Mary Warrens character. He demonstrates this by qualification her young and single and setting the scene to a subservient, frank girl. This makes her prepared to answer and obey separates unquestioningly and serving as a means to an finish. In Act 1, Mary has a conversation with Abigail close to the dancing. I never done any of it, Abby. I only looked. This shows us that she lacks the confidence to get involved, making us see that Mille r is difficult to present a very timid, scared girl.Marys fear is also shown with and through this conversation. A sense of her having no power is shown through Millers use of lay out direction. (Enter monitor lizard. On seeing him Mary jumps in fright). Miller is trying to flesh out the lack of confidence and courage she has to stand up to him. This is also a remark of the amount of importance he has upon her. This is also shown in dialogue. I forbid you to leave the house. In these quotes Miller shows that young, single women have very little to no power and importance in capital of Oregon at this time.By Act 2 Mary Warrens character develops, so much so that Elizabeth is starting to fear her, She frightened all my strengths away. This shows that Miller is making Mary stronger and much confidence that other characters have to talk nigh her behind her back. Even though observe still believes she is a cower and still sees her as that, Elizabeth says It is a mouse no more. Miller makes the other character see that there has been a spark switch on in Marys head. All this is shown through the dialogue of the other characters on the be at this time.Miller uses other characters to illustrate how Marys character has changed oer a little while. At the end of act two there is an immediate power shift between Proctor and Mary. This is when Mary tells Proctor I saved her life today. Her meaning Elizabeth, when Mary shares this with Proctor, he lowers the whip. The power shift is symbolised with this exact moment, Miller shows this moment through a stage direction. Then Marys dialogue after the power shift shows a side of Mary that we have never seen before, this is where she finally decides to stand up for herself.Miller shows her frustration at her lack of power and her lack of freedom that she is lose out on in a stage direction and her dialogue. (with a stamp of her foot) Ill non be ordered to bed no more, Mr Proctor I am eighteen and a woman, however single. In this quote Miller presents a respectful lady, however angry, who knows her authorities around the Proctors but still thinks that she has some say in what she does in her life. Miller also shows a depth to Marys character through her dialogue.In Act 3, Mary has reverted to her timid self comparable we saw in Act 1, this is shown through her silence and through Proctor speaking for her. In this part Miller tries to make her the weakest character in this Act through stage directions such as (Mary is keeping her eyes to the ground) At the end of Act 3, Proctor threatens Mary in to telling the judges that Elizabeth did and is not using witchcraft and accusing Abigail of using it instead. This is effective because Proctor use his tender side for most of this Act (He lifts Marys chin. ) You cannot weep, Mary. withdraw the angel, what he says to the boy. But at the last minute Proctor turns on his threatening side and turns on Mary to help him. This is just like at the end of Act 2 when he decides to turn on Mary, there is a strong correlation between Marys power and her importance. Abigail also starts to threaten Mary in to accusing Proctor of using witchcraft and not to listen to Proctor no more by pretending that Mary is using witchcraft. (backing further, eyes still stiff above) Mary, please dont hurt me Miller tries to show in this part that Mary is powerless by using Abigails dialogue to portray this.

Recruitment and Diversity Enhances Customer

(Point 2) Organisation Benefits of attracting and retaining a respective(a) work force An increasing number of companies atomic number 18 realising the benefits of having a several(a) workforce and as a result argon incorporating equality and diversity objectives in their crease strategies. multifariousness is a widely- apply judgment which refers to visible and nonvisible differences betwixt individuals. There argon six chief(prenominal) strands of diversity race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, age, and organized religion which are covered by UK legislation. sort overly incorporates differences much(prenominal) as class, personality and works patterns What is meant by a diverse workforce? cordial diversity Demographic diversity such as age, race morality and gender Value revolution mental difference in personality and attitudes Incourseation Diversity Benefits are * Diversity in employment promotes cost-efficient employment dealings Employers collect to a great extent than choice from a great skills base, improved employee satisfaction, reduced internal disputes, greater workplace harmony, improved safekeeping and more effective and fairer progression of talent * Diversity enhances customer relations matching internal employee diversity to people diversity potentiometer come through performance benefits, which enhance awareness of consumer askfully Diversity enhances creativity, flexibility and purpose in organisations the flexibility, creativity and ability to acquaint are enhanced by the existence of dissimilar mind sets * Diversity promotes sustainable development and championship advantage e. g. external enlisting of diverse elevation-team talent to inject reinvigorated ideas and challenge the organisational mind sets and ways of doing things that can hinder change and organisational progress. (point 3) Factors that touch on an organisation approach to enlisting and infusion FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT (point 4)Different recruitment and selection methods Recruitment and selection are ordinarily considered as virtuoso operation. However, I will make the differentiation here between the sign actions and considerations when planning staff recruitment and the process of selecting an individual from a pond of applicants. Recruitment pick ups to be conservatively planned in ensnare to attract the redress type of applicant. Recruitment The key to effective recruitment is preparation knowing the job and what is unavoidable of someone to perform it wholesome. The be of recruiting the wrong person can be significant.The cost of employing someone may be at least twice their salary when factors such as training, expenses and employers contributions to their pension are added. INTERNAL business office EXTERNAL Cheaper and quicker to recruitFamiliarity with the business and operationsBusiness already aware of strengths and weaknesses of panoramasProvides opportunity for promotion mo tivational Wider nets of targeted nominee attractionSaving instruction time interviewing only a top candidateProcess streamlining Outside people assume in new ideasLarger pool of workers of which to occur candidatesWider range of experience alternative Psychometric canvass These are divorceicularly multipurpose if you want to assess candidates for managerial or Senior appointments or candidates for appointments where in that respect is a special need for the post such as well-knit relationship building skills. These types of test are especially good at assisting with assessing how candidates are likely to behave, for example, towards a manager, towards their peers, and towards their subordinates. They will often provide a profile which should be discussed with the candidate to check validity, as they are self-perception questionnaires.Candidates should also be given feedback on the profile. The profile should be a part of the assessment, contributing perhaps up to 10% towa rds the final decision. They should be used carefully as they need to be used in the right way by by rights trained assessors. Interviews Interviews can fruit many an(prenominal) forms and styles. A type of interviewing recommended is Criteria-Based behavioural Interviewing. This type of interviewing is based around the criteria identify in the person spec the essential and desirable criteria.It is therefore authentically important to prepare a good person specification right at the start of the recruitment process. It is also important to identify how individually of the criteria will be assessed. some items in the criteria e. g. a qualification, can be assessed by reference to the finish form, these can be called the hard or factual criteria and can usually be assessed on the application form or c. v. Presentations Presentations can be used in a material body of ways depending on how they adjoin to the job description and the normal working practices expected of the pos t.In assessing presentations, it is important to have decided on the criteria against which each candidate will be marked. These could let in criteria which will also be assessed at interview, but may take on a particular formulation e. g. communication theory skills could be assessed in the interview but will be mainly looking at how the person communicates with the panel and gets their points across, as well as how they interact with the members of the panel. In a lecture style presentation, the candidates communications skills to a large gathering will be assessed, which is much more formal delivery.Recruitment and Diversity Enhances Customer(Point 2) Organisation Benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce An increasing number of companies are realising the benefits of having a diverse workforce and as a result are incorporating equality and diversity objectives in their business strategies. Diversity is a widely-used concept which refers to visible and nonvisib le differences between individuals. There are six main strands of diversity race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, age, and religion which are covered by UK legislation. Diversity also incorporates differences such as class, personality and working patterns What is meant by a diverse workforce?Social diversity Demographic diversity such as age, race ethics and gender Value Diversity Psychological difference in personality and attitudes Information Diversity Benefits are * Diversity in employment promotes cost-effective employment relations Employers have more choice from a greater skills base, improved employee satisfaction, reduced internal disputes, greater workplace harmony, improved retention and more effective and fairer promotion of talent * Diversity enhances customer relations matching internal employee diversity to population diversity can provide performance benefits, which enhance awareness of consumer needs Diversity enhances creativity, flexibility and innovation in organisations the flexibility, creativity and ability to innovate are enhanced by the existence of dissimilar mind sets * Diversity promotes sustainable development and business advantage e. g. external recruitment of diverse top-team talent to inject new ideas and challenge the organisational mind sets and ways of doing things that can hinder change and organisational progress. (point 3) Factors that affect an organisation approach to Recruitment and Selection FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT (point 4)Different recruitment and selection methods Recruitment and selection are usually considered as one process. However, I will make the distinction here between the initial actions and considerations when planning staff recruitment and the process of selecting an individual from a pool of applicants. Recruitment needs to be carefully planned in order to attract the right type of applicant. Recruitment The key to effective recruitment is preparation knowing the job and what is required of someone to perform it well. The costs of recruiting the wrong person can be significant.The cost of employing someone may be at least twice their salary when factors such as training, expenses and employers contributions to their pension are added. INTERNAL AGENCY EXTERNAL Cheaper and quicker to recruitFamiliarity with the business and operationsBusiness already aware of strengths and weaknesses of candidatesProvides opportunity for promotion motivational Wider nets of targeted candidate attractionSaving management time interviewing only a top candidateProcess streamlining Outside people bring in new ideasLarger pool of workers of which to find candidatesWider range of experienceSelection Psychometric tests These are particularly useful if you want to assess candidates for Managerial or Senior appointments or candidates for appointments where there is a special need for the post such as strong relationship building skills. These types of test are especially good at assisting wi th assessing how candidates are likely to behave, for example, towards a manager, towards their peers, and towards their subordinates. They will often provide a profile which should be discussed with the candidate to check validity, as they are self-perception questionnaires.Candidates should also be given feedback on the profile. The profile should be a part of the assessment, contributing perhaps up to 10% towards the final decision. They should be used carefully as they need to be used in the right way by properly trained assessors. Interviews Interviews can take many forms and styles. A type of interviewing recommended is Criteria-Based Behavioural Interviewing. This type of interviewing is based around the criteria identified in the person specification the essential and desirable criteria.It is therefore really important to prepare a good person specification right at the start of the recruitment process. It is also important to identify how each of the criteria will be asses sed. Some items in the criteria e. g. a qualification, can be assessed by reference to the application form, these can be called the hard or factual criteria and can usually be assessed on the application form or c. v. Presentations Presentations can be used in a variety of ways depending on how they relate to the job description and the normal working practices expected of the post.In assessing presentations, it is important to have decided on the criteria against which each candidate will be marked. These could include criteria which will also be assessed at interview, but may take on a particular aspect e. g. communications skills could be assessed in the interview but will be mainly looking at how the person communicates with the panel and gets their points across, as well as how they interact with the members of the panel. In a lecture style presentation, the candidates communications skills to a large group will be assessed, which is much more formal delivery.

Cultural Anthropology Essay

The word anthropology is derived from the Greek words anthropo, meaning valet de chambre universes or human manikin, and logia, translated as knowledge of or the essay of.1 Likewise, it is a study which comprises four subfields the physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology and heathenish anthropology or ethnology, which constitutes a bountiful approach to the study of humanity.2 Furthermore, Anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in age and space.3 Consequently, anthropology is a study or discourse of human being which deals human condition in e truly particular context and time, both past and present. It is a study that deals humans as biological species, as beings with glossiness and language present in a society, and so on.b. heathen AnthropologyCultural anthropology is the study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.4 So, it is in this fie ld that human beings are studied in a cultural perspective in ordering to identify the commonality and difference of unrivaled culture to the other. Likewise, Cultural anthropology or ethnology is the subfield of anthropology that examines various contemporary societies and cultures through with(predicate)out the world.5 Therefore, it does not study human being individually but societally or as a group, in order to come up with a familiarization of their way of life.c. EthnologyEthnology examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnographythe data gathered in incompatible societies.6 Likewise, ethnology is the comparative skill that attempts to identify and explain cultural differences and similarities, examen hypotheses, and build theory to enhance our rationality of how social and cultural systems work.7 Thus, ethnology is the science in which the data gathered by the cultural anthropologistfrom the different societies through observation are put into a nalysis and examination. In other words, it is a cross-cultural study. By this, cultural anthropologists describe the similarities and differences of one culture from the other and make full generalization about society and culture.2. What are the two approaches we utilise in the study of Anthropology? There are two ways of create testable propositions the inductive method and the deductive method. In the inductive method, the scientist first makes observations and collects data. On the other hand, deductive method of scientific research begins with a general theory from which scientists discontinue testable hypotheses. Data are then collected to measure out these hypotheses.3. Why the study of Anthropology is important today?Studying human beings, Anthropology is very important today for it examines, analyzes, compares and makes generalization about how people live and behave. In fact, it is so vital to study it these days for this field deals not only when the present genera tion of the human kind but alike fifty-fifty those of the past, the history and artifacts, with their way of life basically analyzed and is compared to what we have today. Likewise, it is also crucial to discuss this subject matter, especially cultural anthropology, for it gives anybody a kind of self-awareness to cultural diversity. Hence, anthropology will make us aware of cross-cultural understanding in this diverse world and appreciate the uniqueness of one culture to the other. Furthermore, studying so would give us knowledge in order to avoid ethnocentrism or superiority of one culture to the other for no culture is actually higher than the other.On one hand, anthropology contributes to a general liberal arts education, which helps students develop intellectually and personally, as well as professionally.8 So, it is important as well to study anthropology nowadays for it tries to investigate human condition according to four perspectives, namely, the physical anthropology, a rchaeology, linguistic anthropology and cultural anthropology, which is needful in every career that one may take. Well, for us, seminarians, I phone it is an imperative to have knowledge about this course for it enables us to develop our understanding, especially when it comes to cross-cultural one, as future missionaries to foreign landssomeday.

Copper Cycle Lab Report

CHEM 1300 testing ground Program, Fall 2012 prove 3 tarradiddle phase angle Name ___________________________ Student Number ___________ Locker __________ Section Laboratory Day Lab Session Lab Room Number rotation B0__ Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri AM PM 206 216 222 230 240 12 Experiment 3 strapper Cycle Instructions for Laboratory informs1. Your lab root must be submitted using this official report sheet.2. You must legibly and correctly furnish all identifying learning requested above. In accomplish or incorrect information can lead to substantial penalties.3.You are strongly encouraged to lineament all or most of your responses. Responses can be first create verbally and saved using a word processor (e. g. Microsoft Word) and then glued into the report form. Printing problems often occur when the PDF report forms are emended and saved on Mac computers. Concessions will non be make for technical difficulties.4. If you choose to handwrite any part of the report, you must do so legibly in ink. Illegible responses, including sections written with poor hired hand or typed in with miniscule font size will not be marked and will be asgestural a valuate of zero.5. Detailed instructions on how to write a lab report are provided on pages 10 15 of the lab manual.6. Lots of seat is provided in each section of the report. Be concise. You do not select to fill in all space provided for the sake of doing so.7. When asked to provide calculations, for replete(p) credit you must provide a labeled and systematic climb up showing all steps and assumptions required to determine the required results. both calculations must be typed or written legibly.8. You must submit the complete set of original copies (i. e. he white copies) of your Data/Observation sheets that were signed by your TA with your report. Any attempt to alter the original data or use a different set of data in the analyses contained in this report is an act of academic dishonesty and will be penal ized as such. Some marks will be allocated to the completeness of your data.9. It is an act of plagiarization (will be penalized) to use any data or information obtained from the belles-lettres and/or Web sources without properly citing it. You should rewrite cited work in your make words, especially if the quotation spans more than a couple of sentences.10. Staple in concert all pages relating to this report and submit it in the correct slot in the report cabinet before the submission deadline. newspapers submitted into the wrong slot or late will be penalized.Official Report run scalawag 1 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report skeletal frame Purpose ResultsUse your experimental data to determine the pct recovery of copper from Cu(NO3)2. Official Report Form Page 2 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form List the balanced net ionic equations for all reactions that you observed in this experiment.Use your observations to provide evidence for all successful reactions completed and products formed. Where applicable, list ions in their coordination complex form for example, when Cu2+ exists as the hexaaquo complex, use Cu(H2O)62+ (aq) in your equation. Note The zinc cation also forms a hexaaquo complex in aqueous solution. Official Report Form Page 3 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form Discussion Official Report Form Page 4 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form Discussion (continued) Conclusion References Official Report Form Page 5 of 5

Econometrics Chapter Summaries Essay

2) underlying Ideas of Linear Regression The Two-Variable warningIn this chapter we introduced few fundamental ideas of throwback analysis. Starting with the key concept of the population reverting function (PRF), we unquestionable the concept of unidimensional PRF. This book is primarily concerned with e wideate PRFs, that is, backslidings that argon genius-dimensional in the parameters regardless of whether or non they atomic trope 18 elongate in the changeables. We consequently introduced the idea of the stochastic PRF and discussed in detail the nature and role of the stochastic fracture term u. PRF is, of course, a theoretical or idealized construct because, in practice, both we leave is a take in(s) from whatever(prenominal) population.This necessitated the discussion of the sample turnaround function (SRF). We indeed considered the question of how we really go about fetching the SRF. Here we discussed the popular manner of ordinary least squ ars ( OLS) and presented the appropriate formulas to see the parameters of the PRF. We illustrated the OLS method with a fully worked-out numerical exemplification as well as with roughly(prenominal) possible examples. Our next travail is to remark out how good the SRF obtained by OLS is as an estimator of the trustworthy PRF. We undertake this important task in Chapter 3.3) The Two-Variable Model Hypothesis scrutinyIn Chapter 2 we showed how to estimate the parameters of the two- multivariate linear retroversion framework. In this chapter we showed how the estimated pose suffer be utilise for the purpose of drawing inferences about the adjust population recedeion role model. Although the two-variable model is the simplest possible linear regression model, the ideas introduced in these two chapters atomic human body 18 the foundation of the to a greater extent than involved aggregate regression models that we leave discuss in ensuing chapters. As we go out see, in ma ny ways the multiple regression model is a straight extension of the two-variable model.4) Multiple Regression Estimation and Hypothesis TestingIn this chapter we considered the simplest of the multiple regression models, namely, the three-variable linear regression modelone bloodsucking variable and two instructive variables. Although in many ways a straightforward extension of the two-variable linear regression model, the three-variable model introduced some(prenominal)(prenominal) newfound concepts, such as partial regression coefficients, adjusted and unadjusted multiple coefficient of design,and multicollinearity. Insofar as love of the parameters of the multiple regression coefficients is concerned, we still worked at bottom the framework of the classical linear regression model and used the method of ordinary least self-coloureds (OLS). The OLS estimators of multiple regression, like the two-variable model, possess several(prenominal) loveable statistical properties summed up in the Gauss-Markov property of outdo linear straightforward estimators (BLUE).With the assumption that the disturbance term bonds the normal distri stick outdion with zero crocked and constant variance 2, we saw that, as in the two-variable boldness, distri furtherively estimated coefficient in the multiple regression fits the normal distribution with a retrieve(a) comp ar to the true population appraise and the variances given by the formulas developed in the text. Unfortunately, in practice, 2 is not known and has to be estimated. The OLS estimator of this unsung variance is . But if we replace 2 by , then, as in the two-variable case, apiece estimated coefficient of the multiple regression follows the t distribution, not the normal distribution. The acquaintance that each multiple regression coefficient follows the t distribution with d.f. equal to (n k), where k is the turn of parameters estimated (including the intercept), means we burn down use the t distribution to riddle statistical hypotheses about each multiple regression coefficient item-by-itemly.This fucking be done on the basis of either the t essay of conditional relation or the confidence interval ground on the t distribution. In this respect, the multiple regression model does not differ much from the two-variable model, chuck out that proper allowance must be made for the d.f., which now front on the number of parameters estimated. However, when testing the hypothesis that all partial pitch coefficients argon coincidingly equal to zero, the individual t testing referred to forward is of no help.Here we should use the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and the concomitant F test. Incidentally, testing that all partial slope coefficients atomic number 18 simultaneously equal to zero is the same as testing that the multiple coefficient of determination R2 is equal to zero. Therefore, the F test eject in addition be used to test this latter but equiva lent hypothesis. We also discussed the question of when to leave a variable or a group of variables to a model, use either the t test or the F test. In this stage setting we also discussed the method of restricted least squ bes.5) Functional Forms of Regression ModelsIn this chapter we considered models that ar linear in parameters, or that can be rendered as such with suitable transformation, but that argon not necessarily linear in variables. There argon a variety of such models, each having special applications. We considered five major types of nonlinear-in-variable but linear-in-parameter models, namely 1.The log-linear model, in which some(prenominal) the restricted variable and the explanatory variable atomic number 18 in logarithmic form. 2.The log-lin or growth model, in which the symbiotic variable is logarithmic but the in bloodsucking variable is linear. 3.The lin-log model, in which the certified variable is linear but the in hooked variable is logarithmic. 4. The reciprocal model, in which the dependent variable is linear but the independent variable is not. 5.The polynominal model, in which the independent variable enters with variant powers. Of course, in that respect is nothing that prevents us from combining the rollick articles of one or to a greater extent(prenominal) of these models.Thus, we can have a multiple regression model in which the dependent variable is in log form and some of the X variables argon also in log form, but some argon in linear form. We studied the properties of these various models in terms of their relevance in applied research, their slope coefficients, and their elasticity coefficients. We also showed with several examples the situations in which the various models could be used. Needless to say, we will come across several more examples in the lieder of the text. In this chapter we also considered the regression-through-the-origin model and discussed some of its features. It cannot be overemphasi zed that in choosing among the competing models, the overriding objective should be the economic relevance of the various models and not merely the summary statistics, such as R2.Model constructing requires a proper balance of theory, availability of the appropriate data, a good understanding of the statistical properties of the various models, and the elusive quality that is called practical judgment. Since the theory underlying a topic of interest is never perfect, there is no such thing as a perfect model. What we fancy for is a reasonably good model that will balance all these criteria. Whatever model is chosen in practice, we have to gift blow-by-blow attention to the units in which the dependent and independent variables are expressed, for the interpretation of regression coefficients whitethorn hinge upon units ofmeasurement.6) Dummy Variable Regression ModelsIn this chapter we showed how qualitative, or dummy, variables taking determine of 1 and 0 can be introduced in to regression models alongside quantitative variables. As the various examples in the chapter showed, the dummy variables are essentially a data-classifying device in that they divide a sample into various subgroups ground on qualities or attributes (sex, marital status, race, religion, etc.) and implicitly diddle individual regressions for each subgroup. Now if there are differences in the responses of the dependent variable to the variation in the quantitative variables in the various subgroups, they will be reflected in the differences in the intercepts or slope coefficients of the various subgroups, or both. Although it is a versatile tool, the dummy variable technique has to be handled carefully. First, if the regression model contains a constant term (as most models usually do), the number of dummy variables must be one less than the number of classifications of each qualitative variable.Second, the coefficient attached to the dummy variables must always be taken in relatio n to the control, or benchmark, groupthe group that gets the shelter of zero. Finally, if a model has several qualitative variables with several classes, introduction of dummy variables can consume a large number of degrees of freedom (d.f.). Therefore, we should weigh the number of dummy variables to be introduced into the model against the total number of observations in the sample. In this chapter we also discussed the possibility of committing a specification shift, that is, of fitting the wrong model to the data. If intercepts as well as slopes are expected to differ among groups, we should build a model that incorporates both the differential intercept and slope dummies.In this case a model that introduces only the differential intercepts is in all likelihood to spark advance to a specification mistake. Of course, it is not always easy a priori to find out which is the true model. Thus, some amount of experimentation is mandatory in a cover study, especially in situation s where theory does not provide much guidance. The topic of specification error is discussed further in Chapter 7. In this chapter we also briefly discussed the linear probability model (LPM) in which the dependent variable is itself binary. Although LPMcan be estimated by ordinary least square (OLS), there are several troubles with a routine application of OLS. well-nigh of the problems can be resolved easily and some cannot. Therefore, alternative estimating procedures are needed. We mentioned two such alternatives, the logit and probit models, but we did not discuss them in peck of the about advanced nature of these models (but see Chapter 12).7) Model Selection Criteria and TestsThe major points discussed in this chapter can be summarized as follows 1.The classical linear regression model assumes that the model used in empirical analysis is mighty specified. 2.The term correct specification of a model can mean several things, including a.No theoretically relevant variable h as been excluded from the model. b.No unnecessary or foreign variables are included in the model. c.The structural form of the model is correct.d.There are no errors of measurement.3.If a theoretically relevant variable(s) has been excluded from the model, the coefficients of the variables retained in the model are in the main unilateral as well as in accordant, and the error variance and the threadbare errors of the OLS estimators are biased. As a result, the conventional t and F tests remain of questionable value. 4.Similar consequences ensue if we use the wrong functional form. 5.The consequences of including irrelevant variables(s) in the model are less serious in that estimated coefficients still remain unbiased and consistent, the error variance and model errors of the estimators are correctly estimated, and the conventional hypothesis-testing procedure is still valid. The major penalty we pay is that estimated standard errors tend to be relatively large, which means par ameters of the model are estimated rather imprecisely.As a result, confidence intervals tend to be somewhat wider. 6.In view of the potential seriousness of specification errors, in this chapter we considered several diagnostic tools to help us find out if we have the specification error problem in any concrete situation. These tools include a lifelike examination of the residuals and more formal tests, such as MWD and RESET. Since the search for a theoretically correct model can be exasperating, inthis chapter we considered several practical criteria that we should keep in mind in this search, such as (1) parsimony, (2) identifiability, (3) goodness of fit, (4) theoretical consistency, and (5) predictive power. As Granger notes, In the last analysis, model building is probably both an art and a science. A sound knowledge of theoretical econometrics and the availability of an efficient computer class are not enough to ensure success.8) Multicollinearity What Happens If Explanato ry Variables are match? An important assumption of the classical linear regression model is that there is no exact linear relationship(s), or multicollinearity, among explanatory variables. Although cases of exact multicollinearity are rare in practice, situations of near exact or high multicollinearity bump frequently. In practice, therefore, the term multicollinearity refers to situations where two or more variables can be highly linearly related. The consequences of multicollinearity are as follows. In cases of perfect multicollinearity we cannot estimate the individual regression coefficients or their standard errors. In cases of high multicollinearity individual regression coefficients can be estimated and the OLS estimators retain their BLUE property.But the standard errors of one or more coefficients tend to be large in relation to their coefficient values, thereby reducing t values. As a result, based on estimated t values, we can say that the coefficient with the low t va lue is not statistically different from zero. In other words, we cannot assess the peripheral or individual contribution of the variable whose t value is low. mean that in a multiple regression the slope coefficient of an X variable is the partial regression coefficient, which measures the (marginal or individual) effect of that variable on the dependent variable, holding all other Xvariables constant.However, if the objective of study is to estimate a group of coefficients pretty accurately, this can be done so long as collinearity is not perfect. In this chapter we considered several methods of detecting multicollinearity, pointing out their pros and cons. We also discussed the various remedies that have been proposed to solve the problem of multicollinearity and noted their strengths and weaknesses. Since multicollinearity is a feature of a given sample, we cannot foretell which method of detecting multicollinearity or which healing(p) measure will work in any given concrete s ituation.9) Heteroscedasticity What Happens If the Error Variance Is Nonconstant? A tiny assumption of the classical linear regression model is that the disturbances ui all have the same (i.e., homoscedastic) variance. If this assumption is not satisfied, we have heteroscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity does not destroy the unbiasedness property of OLS estimators, but these estimators are no longer efficient. In other words, OLS estimators are no longer BLUE. If heteroscedastic variances i2 are known, then the method of weighted least squares (WLS) provides BLUE estimators. Despite heteroscedasticity, if we pass over to use the usual OLS method not only to estimate the parameters (which remain unbiased) but also to establish confidence intervals and test hypotheses, we are likely to draw misleading conclusions, as in the NYSE Example 9.8. This is because estimated standard errors are likely to be biased and therefore the resulting t ratios are likely to be biased, too.Thus, it is im portant to find out whether we are face with the heteroscedasticity problem in a specific application. There are several diagnostic tests of heteroscedasticity, such as plotting the estimated residuals against one or more of the explanatory variables, the Park test, the Glejser test, or the rank correlation test (See Problem 9.13). If one or more diagnostic tests reveal that we have the heteroscedasticity problem, remedial measures are called for. If the true error variance i2 is known, we can use the method of WLS to obtain BLUE estimators. Unfortunately, knowledge about the true error variance is seldom available in practice.As a result, we are forced to lay down some plausible assumptions about the nature of heteroscedasticity and to transform our data so that in the transformed model the error term is homoscedastic. We then present OLS to the transformed data, which amounts to using WLS. Of course, some skill and experience are required to obtain the appropriate transformatio ns. But without such a transformation, the problem of heteroscedasticity is water-insoluble in practice. However, if the sample size is reasonably large, we can use sportsmanlikes procedure to obtain heteroscedasticity-corrected standard errors.10) Autocorrelation What Happens If Error Terms are Correlated? The majorpoints of this chapter are as follows1.In the presence of autocorrelation OLS estimators, although unbiased, are not efficient. In minuscule, they are not BLUE. 2.Assuming the Markov first-order autoregressive, the AR(1), scheme, we pointed out that the conventionally computed variances and standard errors of OLS estimators can be seriously biased. 3.As a result, standard t and F tests of meaning can be seriously misleading. 4.Therefore, it is important to know whether there is autocorrelation in any given case. We considered three methods of detecting autocorrelation a.graphical plotting of the residualsb.the runs testc.the Durbin-Watson d test5.If autocorrelation is found, we suggest that it be corrected by appropriately transforming the model so that in the transformed model there is no autocorrelation. We illustrated the actual mechanics with several examples.11) Simultaneous Equation ModelsIn contrast to the single equality models discussed in the preceding chapters, in simultaneous equality regression models what is a dependent (endogenous) variable in one par appears as an explanatory variable in another equation. Thus, there is a feedback relationship surrounded by the variables. This feedback creates the simultaneity problem,rendering OLS inappropriate to estimate the parameters of each equation each. This is because the endogenous variable that appears as an explanatory variable in another equation may be correlated with the stochastic error term of that equation. This violates one of the critical assumptions of OLS that the explanatory variable be either fixed, or nonrandom, or if random, that it be uncorrelated with the err or term. Because of this, if we use OLS, the estimates we obtain will be biased as well as inconsistent. Besides the simultaneity problem, a simultaneous equation model may have an identification problem.An identification problem means we cannot uniquely estimate the values of the parameters of an equation. Therefore, before we estimate a simultaneous equation model, we must find out if an equation insuch a model is identified. One cumbersome method of finding out whether an equation is identified is to obtain the lessen form equations of the model. A reduced form equation expresses a dependent (or endogenous) variable wholly as a function of exogenous, or pre determine, variables, that is, variables whose values are determined outside the model. If there is a one-to-one correspondence between the reduced form coefficients and the coefficients of the original equation, then the original equation is identified. A cutoff to determining identification is via the order condition of i dentification. The order condition counts the number of equations in the model and the number of variables in the model (both endogenous and exogenous).Then, based on whether some variables are excluded from an equation but included in other equations of the model, the order condition decides whether an equation in the model is underidentified, on the dot identified, or overidentified. An equation in a model is underidentified if we cannot estimate the values of the parameters of that equation. If we can obtain unique values of parameters of an equation, that equation is said to be but identified. If, on the other hand, the estimates of one or more parameters of an equation are not unique in the sense that there is more than one value of some parameters, that equation is said to be overidentified. If an equation is underidentified, it is a dead-end case. There is not much we can do, short of changing the specification of the model (i.e., developing another model).If an equation is exactly identified, we can estimate it by the method of indirect least squares (ILS). ILS is a two-step procedure. In step 1, we apply OLS to the reduced form equations of the model, and then we retrieve the original structural coefficients from the reduced form coefficients. ILS estimators are consistent that is, as the sample size increases indefinitely, the estimators converge to their true values. The parameters of the overidentified equation can be estimated by the method of two-stage least squares (2SLS). The basic idea place 2SLS is to replace the explanatory variable that is correlated with the error term of the equation in which that variable appears by a variable that is not so correlated. Such a variable is called a proxy, or instrumental, variable.2SLS estimators, like the ILS estimators, are consistent estimators.12) Selected Topics in Single Equation Regression ModelsIn this chapter we discussed several topics of considerable practical importance. The first topic we discussed was dynamic modeling, in which meter or lag explicitly enters into the analysis. In such models the current value of the dependent variable depends upon one or more lagged values of the explanatory variable(s). This dependence can be due to psychological, technological, or institutional reasons. These models are generally known as distributed lag models. Although the inclusion of one or more lagged terms of an explanatory variable does not violate any of the standard CLRM assumptions, the estimation of such models by the usual OLS method is generally not recommended because of the problem of multicollinearity and the fact that every additional coefficient estimated means a loss of degrees of freedom. Therefore, such models are usually estimated by imposing some restrictions on the parameters of the models (e.g., the values of the various lagged coefficients decline from the first coefficient onward).This is the approach adopt by the Koyck, the adaptive expectations, and the partial, or stock, adjustment models. A unique feature of all these models is that they replace all lagged values of the explanatory variable by a single lagged value of the dependent variable. Because of the presence of the lagged value of the dependent variable among explanatory variables, the resulting model is called an autoregressive model. Although autoregressive models achieve economy in the estimation of distributed lag coefficients, they are not free from statistical problems. In particular, we have to guard against the possibility of autocorrelation in the error term because in the presence of autocorrelation and the lagged dependent variable as an explanatory variable, the OLS estimators are biased as well as inconsistent.In discussing the dynamic models, we pointed out how they help us to assess the short- and long-run impact of an explanatory variable on the dependent variable. The next topic we discussed related to the phenomenon of spurious, or nonsense, regressio n. Spurious regression arises when we regress a nonstationary random variable on one or more nonstationary random variables. A time series is said to be (weakly) stationary, if its mean, variance, and covariances at various lags are not time dependent. To find out whether a time series is stationary, we can use the unit root test. If the unit root test (or other tests) shows that the time series of interest is stationary,then the regression based on such time series may not be spurious. We also introduced the concept of cointegration. Two or more time series are said to be cointegrated if there is a stable, long-term relationship between the two even though individually each may be nonstationary.If this is the case, regression involving such time series may not be spurious. Next we introduced the random walk model, with or without drift. Several financial time series are found to follow a random walk that is, they are nonstationary either in their mean value or their variance or bo th. Variables with these characteristics are said to follow stochastic trends. Stock prices are a prime example of a random walk. It is hard to tell what the price of a stock will be tomorrow just by knowing its price today. The best guess about tomorrows price is todays price plus or minus a random error term (or shock, as it is called). If we could predict tomorrows price fairly accurately, we would all be millionairesThe next topic we discussed in this chapter was the dummy dependent variable, where the dependent variable can take values of either 1 or 0. Although such models can be estimated by OLS, in which case they are called linear probability models (LPM), this is not the recommended procedure since probabilities estimated from such models can sometimes be negative or greater than 1. Therefore, such models are usually estimated by the logit or probit procedures. In this chapter we illustrated the logit model with concrete examples. convey to excellent computer packages, es timation of logit and probit models is no longer a rich or forbidding task.

Examples of institutional racism Essay

Although subtler than it has been in Western society, IR is still prevalent as a kindly factor. For example, Stephen Lawrence, a b deprivation teenager was unlawfully killed in a completely unprovoked racialist attack by vanadium white youths on April 22, 1993 (Macpherson, 1999). What was disturbing about this contingency is that the inquest took 6 days to be scrutinized and police force refused to help Mr. Lawrence even though he was in a pool of his own blood. Police were also given define information that could have led to arrests, and they refused to accept that information.When one of the attackers was picked out from a criminal line-up pool, the police suggested that the survivour of the attack, Mr. Brooks who positively identified the assailant, was at best, guessing. The police would later confess that one of their officers could not remember anything he was told and later when c totallyed upon to testify he indicated that he had no record of any notes he whitethorn ha ve taken. Video surveillance of the suspected attackers caught them on videotape boasting how they were going to cut b privation the great unwashed up.The scale against the suspects was dropped after the police claimed that the eyewitness account of the survivour was unreliable. Subsequently, they arrested Mr. Brooks while he was protesting the fate of his friend and police promptly charged him. A pronounce would later throw out the case. Seeking justice the p arents of Stephen Lawrence attempted to progress prosecute the suspects. How eer, when that failed they launched a campaign for a public inquiry into the course that police handled the investigation of their sons murder.It was only then that the above facts became publicly available. After the embarrassment of the police service and a lengthened inquiry, this led to the Stephen Lawrence head The Stephen Lawrence inquiry gave filch to the study of police stop-and-search in London which follows on from a report published by the metropolitan Police Service (MPS). The Interim Report presented the results of the first year of a programme of action to improve police searches covered by section1 of wholly step (the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act).The programme began in April 1998 and was implemented in seven areas of London Charing Cross, Limehouse, Brixton, Plumstead, Hounslow, world-beaterston and Tottenham. The pilot sites varied in the populations they served, the primary(prenominal) crimes they had to deal with and the number of searches they recorded. Over the year, each showed signifi beart improvement in supervising officers use of the power and in the proportion of searches which produced an arrest. (http//www. met. police. uk/publications/stop_search/report. htm)The perception of reference of social responsibility by the police and their creation of polity with regards to their policing standards has go forth many in the b overlook residential area on edge. The bneediness commu nity does not trust police to act appropriately regardless of how they demo themselves (Macpherson, 1999). This has led to further conflict and clashes with police. Conflict theorists believe that conflict is a normal take up of institutional practices.This approach to the analysis of racial discrimination proposes that the whole society, not just the police, still survives on the historical wrongs done to ethnicalal minorities and that the dominant ethnic groups seek to maintain the marginalized in positions of inferiority by perpetuating sets of advantages or privileges for the majority group and exclusions or deprivations for minority groups (Rodrieguez, 1987). Institutional racialism is so embracing an operating principle that it no longer requires sensible or overtly anti-Semite(a) acts to sustain it (Rodrieguez, 1987). The overt apathy that is displayed by police is inherent in control systems (Axelson, 1998).Further, the inability or lack of want to take that institut ionalised racism even exists creates a hide illusion that everything is fine. Another pillow slip that the world idlernot forget is the Rodney King lacing that took place in Los Angeles, California. Rodney King, a black man was severely shell by a group of Los Angeles police officers. This unfortunate event was videotaped. When this event was dispersed to the various news agencies public dissent ensued. Los Angeles had riots. The whole incident led Mr. King to be awarded a sum of $100 one thousand million dollars.However, this award did nothing to quell the distrust of police by blacks nor has it good improved relations between blacks and police. Both are seen a undeniable evils (http//archives. cnn. com/2001/LAW/03/02/beating. anniversity. king. 02/). Institutional Racism is Not Acknowledged The problem of institutional racism in the police force is not simply a problem of racist attitudes held by individual bad police constables notwithstanding exposes a deeper problem of the reliance on outdated police policy that has become routine in an apathetic way.It is only through exposing the results of institutional racism through such acts as police brutality, the lack of ethnic minorities in positions of power, the lack of ethnic minority business ownership and the lack of ethnic faces in mainstream media can resistance to the belief that IR exists and is a reality. A funda intellectual question arising from this is, How damaging is it when media, schools, legislatures and other institutions call racist myths true? The cultivation of an inability to voice, express or even acknowledge that institutional racism exists and more than overt forms of discrimination are the understructure of which the prevailing Western culture maintains its influence is denigrating at the least and a cause for riots and increased violence at its worst. This attitude and lack of acknowledgement that IR exists, creates those who are perceived as inferior, and they may interio rise the others perception as valid and behave accordingly.The individual perceived as inferior may develop a self-fulfilling prognostication in relation to this, until this cycle is broken. The effects of IR include displace self-esteem and inadequate self-concept. The Pygmalion effect is a self-fulfilling prophecy where people accommodate to others expectations regardless of their true abilities. IR may become a subject of mind and a set of emotions and values, and a set of behaviours. Institutionalised racist modes swan from hostile domination to passive acceptance ( specify as avoiding, ignoring or pre slanting to be correct and polite).In the social changes of the last cardinal years, change, like the reduction of outward hostility has occurred, yet more perceptiveness is needed before equal acceptance and good bequeath can occur (Axelson, 1998). Institutionalised racism is an indirect and largely invisible wait on which can be compared with the glass ceiling. It is a term encompassing the a great deal unintentional barriers and selection/promotion procedures which serve to disadvantage members of ethnic minority groups.Braham, Rattansi, Skellington, 1992, pp.100-120) suggest that widening our definition of discrimination to include indirect or institutional racism gives a much better understanding of the barriers go about by ethnic minorities. Braham et al. caution that it is important to acknowledge the wide range of practices involved some much more obvious than others. Rejecting the proposition that all institutions are uniformly racist, they argue that the kind of procedures that disadvantage black people also disadvantage other groups.The British Civil Service is a good illustration of the existence and strength of institutionalised disadvantage. A console table Office report in 1995 cogitate that it was a bastion of the white, anthropoid middle-classes, making it difficult for ethnic minorities to progress into its upper reaches. Th e report concluded that the main barriers to career development were prejudice and/or ignorance among managers and a lack of confidence among ethnic minority staff. These barriers were derived from attitudinal or cultural stereotypes which limited expectations and opportunities on both sides.Conclusion In conclusion, institutional racism as defined has had serious deleterious effects on culture and society. These effects are manifested in language, ideas, schools, language policies, economic stratification social segregation, housing markets, hiring and promotional schemas, ethnic minoritys psychological issues and ethnic minority chafe to a variety of social services and opportunities. The continuation of institutional racism, though discouraging, can be seen as a positive development from the prospect of the decline of the more overt forms of racism.However, the lack of knowledge or the defense reaction of the more subtle forms of racism can be extremely deadly to both majorit y and minority group members. Institutional forms of racism may include police practices, unemployment, housing and breeding issues, discriminatory practices and inadequate offbeat programs. IR may rear its head through the decision by Western culture to arbitrarily decide what is socially valuable. People tend to take as valuable what is most familiar to them. Prejudiced attitudes can be found in many elements, including language, education, religion, norms of morality, economics and aesthetics.A mental and emotional connection of the majority group with superiority and connecting minority cultures to inferiority makes IR pervasive and difficult to eradicate (Axelson, 1998). At an international level, institutional racism may be considered as a product of colonialist and imperialistic strategies. These strategies employ racism as an important element in the excuse and maintenance of relations of exploitation and unequal exchange with subordinate populations who come up to be p hysically different.Research of racism focuses on the condition that the rise and fall of racial stereotypes and racial prejudice is closely linked to the changing historical relations between different populations and to the interests of dominant groups (Seymour-Smith, 1986). A square away assessment of the attitudes, beliefs, social norms and corporate culture is required of the institution if it is to differentiate policies, practices and procedures that may be exclusive to ethnic minority groups. It is through asking, beholding and acknowledging that institutional racism exists will create a forum for awareness.The lessons of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King serve as societal reminders that a subtle, pervasive form of racism does indeed exist. Those attitudes are so ingrained and accepted that they are our social norm. Our unwillingness to formally acknowledge that anything these beliefs and attitudes are indeed incorrect will create more tension and unrest.It is through the constant reminder and education that though the practice of institutional racism may be part of the social fabric, it is not acceptable. It is not acceptable because although it is believed to not exist or acknowledged, the consequences of not acknowledging IR are seen through the disregard of humanity as in the cases of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King. It shall only be through the forthright acknowledgement that something is inherently biased in our social framework will IR ever be diminished and eradicated.References viewed January 10, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. Axelson, J. A. (1998). Counseling and development in a multicultural society.Belmont, CA. Wadsworth Publishing. Braham, P. , Rattansi A. , and Skellington, R. 1992. (eds. ), Racism and Antiracism Inequalities, Opportunities and Policies. Sage. p. 100-120. Green, D. G. 2000. Institutional Racism and the Police Fact or Fiction. Civitas. London .Macpherson, Sir William (1999). The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry The Report of an Inquiry. London HMSO. Massingale, Fr. Bryan. 1998. The Ethics of Racism. Origins vol. 28, iss. 24, p. 26. Massey, D. S. , Fischer, M. J. (1998, December). Where We Live, in Black and White. The Nation, viewed January 9, 2006, . Myers, D. G. (1993). Social psychology (4th ed), McGraw-Hill, Columbus, OH. Jefferson, T. (1992). The racism of criminalisation policing and the reproduction of the criminal other, in Gelsthorpe. L (ed. ).Cropwood Roundtable on Ethnic Minority Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge establish of Criminology. Price, A. J. (1997) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, internationalist Thomson Business Press, Ch. 9. Rodrieguez, A. M. (1987). Institutional racism in the organisational setting an action-research approach, in Shaw J. (eds. ). Strategies for Improving Race Relations. Manchester Manchester University Press. Seymour-Smith, C. 1986. Macmillan Dictiona ry of Anthropology. The Macmillan Press. lastname, initial. 2006. I felt that a more comprehensive definition was needed.