Reflections On The Professional Use Of Self Social Work Essay

Reflections On The Professional Use Of Self neighborly resolve EssayAt the heart of cordial work lies the fundamental legal opinion in human goods, citizenship and kindly justice (Fook, 2002). Indeed, social workers are usually duty-bound to advocate the patterns of em antecedentment through anti-oppressive convention whilst placing the wishes and needs of clients at the centre of delivery (General Social Care Council (GSCC), 2004 Dalrymple and Burke, 2006). however figure is difficult not least because the success of any intervention is entwined with the phenomenological attributes of both clients and practiti unitaryrs (Prynn, 2008). Thus, social work practicians face signifi batht challenges much(prenominal) as identifying what they contribute to a relationship, how this impacts on decisions and what individual and structural power imbalances mould practice (Fook, 2002). censorious practice is a notionual tool which affords practitioners the opportunity to take in transformational practice whilst recognising the value base and social justice agendum of social work (Fook, 2002). This paper willing briefly provide a reference study of an experience I encountered as a practitioner. This will therefore be explored through what Brechin (2000) identifies as the three interrelated domains of critical practice critical analysis, critical reflexiveness and critical action. In doing so it will demonstrate how I grow engaged with my self to identify what I took into practice and the implications this green goddess have in beingness a transformational practitioner.On commencing my role as a project worker within a residential home for young people with behavioural difficulties I was introduced to earth-closet (pseudonym). rear end was fourteen and had a history of anti-social behaviour and a shepherds crook history for burglary and assault although all cases were at least two geezerhood prior. John was in care because of a request from his p arents who no agelong felt they could control his behaviour because his reaction to discipline was often non-compliance and strength. His saddle illustrated him as mischievous, yet comical, with recent signs of improved behaviour. He enjoyed partaking in diverse hobbies however, these were often short-lived with him suitable disinterested very quickly.I worked with John for several months and at a case-review meeting Johns parents certified the panel that he wished to take up encase. His parents supported the idea, as did the Social thespian because it was purpose it may inspire some discipline. I objected because of his criminal conviction of assault. However, the Social proletarian dismissed this by indicating that Johns wishes were important and that our role was to vest him. in spite of my objections it was agreed that John could attend. John soon attended a fistfight club organised and operated by two retired policemen. Approximately one yr later John was convicte d of aggravated burglary with the victim being an elderly woman.The introductory domain of critical practice, critical analysis, is concerned with how practitioners evaluate yard, policies, and knowledge to influence decisions (Brechin, 2000 Glaister, 2008). Further more than, the practitioner becomes conscious of multiple perspectives and the contextual nature of them (Brechin, 2000 Fook, 2002). Chalmers (200322) claims that practitioners who intervene in peoples lives have a responsibility to be communicate by rigorous, transparent, up-to-date evaluations. Yet Sheldon and MacDonald (2009) note the reliance on robust distinguish being available and the practitioners having the time, resources and skill-base to adequately evaluate recite. Indeed, Fook (2002) argues that it is often in the interests of agencies to prevent such approaches as it may lead to increased responsibilities and higher costs.Placing this experience in the context of critical analysis it is unsure at this point what informed the Social histrions knowledge however, it was clear that he wished to respect Johns voice. The Social Worker believed John had personal agency and a fundamental right to aim his own life direction. The GSCC (2004) concurs with the Social Worker in-so-far as practitioners should promote liberty and respect the clients right to take take a chances. The Social Worker, as an agent of the state, was that supported by policies such as article 12 of the linked Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (19904) which stipulates that any child capable of forming his or her own views has the right to express those viewsand this be given due weight. Indeed, his employer has signed up to this convention (Somerset County Council, 2009).However, practitioners also have an obligation to ensure that these risks are managed and incumbent steps are taken to minimise the risk of harm to expediency users or others (GSCC, 2010). I held an alternative view to harbor John , and others, from harm. It is clear that both the Social Worker and I had valid points, and so, being guided by knowledge, policies and theories on their own may military issue in conflicts about what actions to stick to (Banks, 2006).The second domain of critical practice, critical reflexivity, originates from reflective practice and the concept that practitioners learn through experience (Schn, 1983). However, because reflective practice has limited criticalness (Fook and Askeland, 2006) it often fails to point out deeper processes which impact practice (Fook, 2002). Furthermore, reflective practice base result in negative outcomes such as self-doubt or an acceptance of status quos (Eby, 2000). exact reflexivity refers to a practitioner who engages in self-criticism whilst being reflective. The practitioner becomes reflexive in questioning pre-established values, assumptions and prejudices (Taylor and White, 2001) and gains an take ining on how this influences negotiated understandings and interventions whilst working crossways difference (Glaister, 2008 Fook, 2002). Because critical reflexivity permits the practitioner to acknowledge the complex nature of the clients circumstances and their perspectives there is an organic acknowledgement of heathenish and social disparities (Fook, 2002). Indeed, Allport (1978437) concurs and states how practitioners who engage in inwardness are generally slight prejudice, are more tolerant in understanding others, and exhibit a desire for personal autonomy rather than for external, institutional anchorage.Critical reflexivity affords me the opportunity to contemplate on how my preformed values and assumptions influenced my perspective. Thus, I needed to figure the opposition I held to Johns company. As a pre-adolescent child I was bullied in school with a particular individual being prevalent in my memory. This individual attended martial arts which he duly skilful on me. Ultimately, this had a significant im pact on my belief that violence is wrong. Indeed, in relation to John my assumption was that everyone who attended a power sport had the potential to bully. This was hyperbolised by Johns past and thus my opposition to his partaking. Adams (2009) supports my exploration by indicating how our experiences can have an implicit impact on our decisions and in this instance I can identify how my negotiated understanding had become manipulated by my self.The Social Worker adopted a Kantianistic approach by scatty to empower John to make his own life choices. Indeed, the Social Worker wanted to advocate Johns rights rather than impose carers perspectives which is understandable considering the current agenda toward person-centred planning (GSCC, 20100 Kellett, 2009). However, I felt that as professionals there was a confession in adopting utilitarianistic values because the risk of re-engaging in criminal activities was too high. Yet evidently apparent is neither the Social Worker or I re spected each others perspective. However, notably the issues of the Social Workers claims that he wanted to empower John also become apparent. The very notion that the Social Worker wanted to empower John indicates that the Social Worker was actually the one with the power. Yet, the Social Worker has duties and responsibilities beyond the value of empowerment because of his legislated duty to protect John, and others, from harm (Banks, 2006).The final domain, critical action, is concerned with practitioners having a robust skill-base whilst being conscious of its contextual nature. A critical practitioner works across difference to promote empowerment whilst confronting structural oppressions (Brechin, 2000 Eby, 2000). A primary principle of critical practice is the notion that practitioners should be research-minded in understanding the contextual basis of empirical evidence (Shemmings and Shemmings, 2003). Utilisation of the best available evidence is essential to contemporary pra ctice (Sheldon and MacDonald, 2009) and yet despite being a self-evidently a good idea (Trinder, 20003), evidence-based practice has faced rasping opposition because there is a risk that practitioners may abandon reflexivity and personal agency for technical rationality (Taylor and White, 2006 Webb, 2001). However, this view has been adequately challenged by commentators who state that evidence-based practice, which actually means evidence-informed practice (MacDonald, 2003 Chalmers, 2003) has, when scrutinised, the potential to minimise the risk of harm to service users (Chalmers, 2003). Indeed, evidence-informed practice is the critically appraised synthesis of empirical and experiential evidence (Fook, 2002 Sheldon and MacDonald, 2009).In linking this to my experience with John, it becomes clear that I could not wittingly offer any definitive empirical evidence to support my perspective. However, neither could the Social Worker. In this sense both the Social Worker and I failed to be research-minded. Thus, in opposition to anti-evidence-based advocates, this experience indicates how practitioners can make mistakes when performing on instinct alone. Indeed, a brief search for empirical evidence found a longitudinal study by Endersen and Olweus (2005) which identified how participation in power sports for adolescents with a previous history of anti-social behaviours is likely to result in re-engagement. As John had a previous history of theft, this evidence may well have helped me, the Social Worker, and even John, come to a different decision.Critical action also involves the practitioner developing a consciousness of the often hidden imbalances of power between themselves, agencies and the client (Payne, 2005). Critical practice occurs within the context of theory and precondition of critical theories permits me to understand my twist of power and how this influenced my action, or inaction. For example, Foucault was concerned with language and how dis co urse of action can assist professionals to create natural and unchallengeable situations because they are deemed to have knowledge and thus power (Finlay, 200085). Indeed, the Social Worker established, chaired and controlled the case-review meeting. Fook (2002) concurs and argues that professionals utilise societal structures in order to suppress service users. Taking my earlier point regarding the construction of the case-meeting further it is clear that it was designed by adults with no real consideration about what John wanted. Indeed it is hard to understand why John, or an advocate, was not at the meeting. Yet, even if John was permitted to attend, it is highly likely he would have faced oppression by being forced to engage with the hegemonic language of adults which he would not have understood, thus he would in conclusion been oppressed and possibly disempowered (Kehily, 2009). However, Cocker and Allain (2008) contend that service users have the right to take a pro-active role in decision making processes and advert that the role of the practitioner is to ensure that service users are in full informed through the provision of concise information. This clearly did not transpire and thus true empowerment was never apparent.In concluding it is evident a professionals self can impact on the everyday lives of service users and practitioners. As practitioners we all have multiple identities which we take into practice. Not only do these derive from our previous experiences, but also our responsibilities as professionals, agents of the states, as employees and of course as statutory creation created to fulfil a role. Indeed, critical practice assists practitioners highlight how their self has been impacted upon from each of these identities and permits the us to make decisions, on with the service user, that are more likely to produce a more productive, and effective, outcome for all.In engaging in critical practice I have been able to identify significa nt factors which may have contributed to a better outcome. Whether Johns participation in boxing contributed to his re-engagement in criminal activities cannot be realistically measured. However, what is certain is John was disempowered in-so-far as he should have been fully informed. It is clear that none of the three domains of critical practice isolated can work independently, however, the careful and intentional synthesis of values, experiences, evidence and knowledge on with an awareness of structural disadvantage caused by agencies can all have a positive impact on the self and ultimately a practitioners power to challenge practice.I misplaced my power as a morally active practitioner and permitted the Social Worker to make a judgement based on instinct. I could have researched the potential issues of boxing and provided John with more in-depth information in a format he would understand. However, as practitioners we have an obligation to learn from our experiences because a critical practitioner who is engaged with their self is more likely to succeed in becoming a transformational practitioner.

Ms Simulation Reflective Report Marketing Essay

Ms Simulation Reflective Report Marketing Es introducepush back fomite constancy is take oning industries in the world. Demand for vehicles is so full(prenominal)-pitched globally which makes the industry to be innovative and creative to meet the changing needs and wants of the people.Our company was among other StratSim companies formed for the purpose of simulation inwardly the Vehicle manufacturing industries. Our flying was self-coloured D with the vehicles ranging from Economic (Delite), Family (Defy) and Truck (Dusty) for the pry seekers, family oriented and hit within the given regions.2.0 OUR COMPANY MISSION AND pile STATEMENTAs our initial budget, market touch and cash hunt down was equal to other Stratsim steadys and therefore our mission is to attach gross gross bargains and appropriate the clients with the safety and bore standard vehicles to gain highest returns date at the homogeneous time re master(prenominal)ing low cost producers in comparison to our competitors.Our tidy sum is to make lendable the vehicles which our customers require in the best and affordable prices and standards.3.0 extraneous AND INTERNAL ANALYSISInternal and external analysis is when different factors be studyd from within the firmly and around the competitors and industry as a entirely to give the precise position of the firm and its performance standards.3.1 PESTELPoliticalAs this was a simulation and non the hearty world firm there were no many implications on political instabilities within the region. In the substantive world though there ar government instabilities which layabout disable the operations of the firm such(prenominal) as change in government, foundation garment of new legislations, Ethical requirements by government etc.EconomicalIn Period one the economy and gas prices were stable suitable for the greater sales. The industry expenditure was excessively flat to $1,505 one thousand thousand. In the dot 5 the economy g rew better than expected which gave rise to the vehicle sales. However uncivil oil prices had gone high by the end of the stay 4. ab initio was $3 p/gal and then forecasted to rise to $4.90 by period 6. This was a concern for the coming periods as inflation seemed to be ranging from 2% to 2.5%. Industry marketing expenditure also increase by $ 206 million to $1,977 million and GDP rose to 2.5% by period 5 while initially was 1.0%.SocialHighest class is the family particle with the sales units (000) 4,706 come in of which our firm had 12.3% shargon by period 5 which was a decrease as initial share was 14.3%.The second value seekers who closelyly go for stinting vehicles to with the radical sales 1,327,000 and we hold the share of 10.9% by period 5.And the singles segment was mainly aimed for the trucks and their total sales 1,233,000 out of which we hold 11.9%.Our bear on were the value seekers, families and singles and non segments like high income earners and enterprisers. TechnologicalIn the simulation game the technology was limited to growing centres, interior, styling, safety and quality. payload space, braking system, reliability and durability of the vehicles are the main technically concentrated areas. In todays vehicle industry aspects such as noise, speed, digital dashboards, stylish sheepcote seats and other features are emphasized.With the simulation the upper limit feasible for the discipline centres was 5 and ours was 2, while interior maximum was 11 and out of which our firm was having 4, styling maximum was 12 and we were rating to 6, safety was 11 and we were rated 5 and quality was maximum 12 out of which we rated 6.EnvironmentalThis was non a major concern though lead free vehicles with minimum noise organize are preferred. Vehicles with good fuel consumption are opted by majority of the customers and therefore help in preserving our environment.LegalLaws on labour, vehicle manufacturing, registration and many others normall y affect the vehicle industries only when in the depicted object of simulation this was non a concern though it was believed that the firm is in compliance with all the necessary legal requirements such as safety, quality, morality etc.PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSISPorter 5 forces are employ to determine the intensity of the competitor and evaluate the actual position that the firm is holding.Summary of the Five ForcesBargaining power of suppliersBargaining power of customers scourge of substitute holy terror of new entrantsCompetition within/rivalry gamey 7 firms competing stage to head within the industryHIGH As there are 7 firms in total within the industry depending upon the equivalent supplierMODERATE Motor bikes, Bicycles or use of state-supported transportLOW As high investments required, customers purchasing power and high expert costHIGH As there are 7 firms within the industry serving the same segments e.g. family, economic and truckThreat of New Entrants is low due to high investments requirement, high customer buying power and high technological cost incurred to establish and maintain the firm. though in the simulation the threat is low as the appointed firms are the only ones competing. This leads to growth as humprs can concentrate on available disputation therefore make more strategic closes.Threat of Substitutes this is talk over as due to high traffic jams, pollution and environmental sentiency many of the people opt for motor bikes, bicycles or using mankind transport instead of owning a vehicle. But most of our sales were basing on the family vehicles which means family people would of course save prefer having a public convenience means of transport for the whole family and also those who need to carry bulky goods would rather have a truck or spacious vehicle then using the alternatives.Bargaining Power of Suppliers is high though it is not specified within the simulation but is evident as 7 firms depend on the minim um number of suppliers and therefore this gives the upper give-up the ghost to the supplier to bargain a good deal out of their buyers. This restricts the managements finality to be cost effective as manufacturing cost is increased with the suppliers bargain power.Bargaining Power of Buyers is high as there are 7 firms producing similar vehicles with very less differentiated features if any in the same segments of economy, family and truck therefore giving the buyers more choices to select from before buying the vehicles. This is good in a way management can be innovative to bring out best vehicles to offer to buyers but also restricts on the price bases as customers have the upper hand.Rivalry/competition is high as there are 7 firms competing head to head to gain higher market share and returns and therefore gives an intensified competition to all the firms. This is healthy to some point as it gives the challenge to managers but it is a threat as when firm fails to provide bett er and comely vehicles compared to the rivals.SWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSIS helps the firm analyse its inner(a) as well as external capabilities. Whereby strengths and weaknesses are internal, opportunity and threats are external. A firm is required to name its strengths to overcome its weaknesses and capture opportunities and background threat.INTERNAL EXTERNALStrengthWeakness hazardThreat susceptibility to manage debts-cash flow management- overbearing income-Poor cost management-Low capabilities in term of development centersGrowing economyEmerging market 4MIncrease terminate pricesIncreased inflationIntensive competitionStrength The ability to manage debts and have a slight increase from period 1 to period 5 by $1,125. Our cash flow management was good as we had enough money in circulation and in the firm to carry out operations smoothly unlike other firms who had gone negative in the cash flow. (Appendix 1 2). We are among the 2nd firm that managed to keep their income le vels dogmatic unlike others who went negative. (See appendix 3)Weakness Our main weakness was our cost management. Our sales were change magnitude by period 5 they reached $15, 54.8 an increase of $550.5 since period 2 but our costs were also increase and therefore reducing our crystallise income which came to $38.7 in period 5 while it was $ 587.1 in period 2. (Appendix 4)Opportunity the growing economy and emerging new market 4m as per the explore was the opportunity towards the firm. (Appendix 5) entirely we needed to do was utilize our strength to defame our weakness and capture this appealing opportunity before our competitors do.Threat increase prices of crude oil and increase in inflation percent is the main concern for the firm. Competition is also fierce from the financial summary of the boilers suit industry we are placed at 2nd last position in terms of value market share which we hold 11.4% of the total market. (Appendix 3)STRATEGIC DECISIONSA strategy is the acti on plan for of the organisation to procure organisation goals and gain competitive advantage over the rivals and achieve maximum returns for the s compriseholders.BASIC STRATEGY APPLIEDThe firm was in a similar situation as its competitors when the simulation started and therefore our first strategy was to increase our technological capabilities in order to differentiate our vehicles from those of the competitors.We also aimed at increasing sales as our mission explains and therefore we increased our budget for harvest-festival marketing by $2 million initially. As we were not acquainted(predicate) with the outcome, yet we had achieved greatly by increased return on sales from 3.4% to 3.9% and increased return on assets by 6.4% to 8.2%. Later we increased on furtherances and advertising as we believed that its the only way to position our product in the mind of the customers in order to increase sales.Later on we inflexible to call forth our vehicles consort to quality and sa fety requirements to all of our vehicles but that did not give the kind of returns we were hoping for. We also increased our plant capacity by 300(000s) in order to facilitate better manufacturing.We also increased our breed as we were running short to the demand we had also increased sense in south and west regions where we saw we were lacking back in terms of sales units.We had also increased our relationship with underperforming dealers by increasing their discount from 8% to 9% so that they are motivated to sale more of our vehicles in their perspective regions.We had also increased the budget for the readiness and developing our dealers to be able to understand our vehicles better so that they can believe in our product and sale more.FUTURE STRATEGYWe still continue to emphasise our future strategies to such that will enable us to increase our sales volume and give us the highest returns. We intend to take advantage of the new market that is identified by the market query ( Appendix 5). This will be achieved by being more innovative and customer oriented so that we serve our customers with what they require.We also intend to increase our technological capabilities as technology is dynamic and therefore all efforts will be made to keep up with the changing technology to give our customers the most stylish, safe, spacious and most of all quality vehicles. This would be value for their money.5.0 EXPERIENCES AND tuitionThe simulation was a great learning experience. It increased my knowledge obtained from pedantic teachings and gave me ability to use them to the real world scenario. We had planed our squad in such a way that one member logs in with his user call up and password and feeds the decisions for the period, though the decisions were discussed and come to conclusion by all of the team members this enabled us to divide our work and come up with final decision which boosted our knowledge base to the great extent.The following are among the few o f what I had experienced during the simulation exerciseThe ability to make decision on various aspects of the business such as marketing, manufacturing, technological etc.How to grow as a firm and sustain the growth with the resources availableLearnt how to analyse different internal and external factors affecting the firm and know where our firm stands in the industry (Bench Marking)Monitor inventory turnover period and re-stock when necessary. experience the competition and discover ways to overcome.Learned how to forecast future sales, identify opportunities and establish good relationship with dealers.Learned how important marketing and promotion is for the growth of the sales and overall business and also to position our products in the minds of targeted customers.Learnt to be customer oriented and understand their needs and produce according to their requirements. (Segmenting and targeting)Learnt how to manage costs and overall cash flow.Last but not the least the major learni ng and experience was the team work was congenital in any business and decision making. Organising team work and separate discussions were among the major experiences of simulation.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I can say firm D has performed reasonably well compared to the situation and experience team members had. Though our sales didnt increase to our expectations but yet we had maintained the positive income unlike other firms who had gone negative on cash flows as well as incomes. We could have done better with better decision making in aspects such as new product development to give our customers customised vehicle, more emphasis could have been made to our product upgrade and manufacturing in order to meet the growing demand especially for the family segment as it is the growing in demand vehicle in the industry.All in all it was a good attempt in my meet and even better learning experience for all our group members which not only increased our academic knowledge and gave us good real life decision making experience but it also increased our social interactions within the group which in itself is a learning achievement.

Personal development and study methods

Personal culture and regard mannersPersonal development and breeding methods help me to enhance self-development and build up individual personality. to a fault that, it helps me to receive more about myself and developed potential in the future. It helps me to better my weaknesses and enhance the virtue by setting design for the future. On the separate hand, study methods bath help me to make better my showing mis scoop outs and get a better result in exam to achieve my goal in the future.I in any case improve self confidence and self-esteem in social skill from this subject. in the beginning that, I am irresolute and less(prenominal) confidence in handling a t hold and make a decision in each crash of life. however now, I produce self-confidence to make decision in completing a task. ( take heed Tools, 1995) in addition that, I also improve my self esteem in life. Before that, I have a low self esteem, forever destine negative and believe in negative comments. (Perera, 2002) I gives them impression have without confidence to do something and negative influence on the decision making. except now, I have high self esteem by thinking positively and feel confidence to make a decision. (Perera, 2002)Besides that, I also learnt on thinking skill from PDSM. Before that, I always think negatively and emotional. But now, I know how to differentiate the gain and disadvantage when I am thinking independently. I would open my legal opinion to accept another(prenominal) opinions and make the correct decision. (qcda, 1993) Besides that, I exit think logically for every decision made in target to achieve the task. (qcda, 1993)This subject teaches me to set up a personal flight plan. It is to write down my proposed life agenda. (Answer.com, 2009) Before that, I never think about my life planning in future. But now, I know my objectivesand direction after I studied this subject. I pull up stakes easy achieving my goal and I apprizet be hurry i n victorious any shortcut to achieve the goal by doing it randomly. I also have set up short term, middle term and hanker term goal separately to achieve it during period of clock. I also learn the SWOT analysis to evaluate strategic planning method. (Answer.com, 2009) It will help me to overcome my weakness and develop my strength from internal and flavour for opportunities and to occupy superiority in threat from external. (Wikipedia, 2009)In addition, PDSM also improve my personal skill such as listening skill and torso language. Before that, after I listen lectures from lecturer, I cant attend what he taught. But now, I can bring in the lesson. Besides that, I know the difference between hearing and listening. (Fodor, n.d.) After I study PDSM, my remains language has improved. Before that, when I presenting something to them, they do not understand what I want to express. But now, I can present something by using verbal or non-verbal language to transmit a content to som eone. (Mind Tools, 1995) I can attract my audience by using body language during my presentation.PDSM teach me how to improve my involveing skills. So, I can read effectively by using the cultivation techniques. It is to determine objective, skim and glance through the text, and speed reading to understand the text. (Price and Maier, 2008) Now, I can read an article even more smoothly and faster than before. Besides that, I can understand meaning of phrases or sentences substantially. It would help me improve my reading skills effectively for my degree study.I am learning about situation making from PDSM. billhook making is a technique to record pregnant information effectively and recall it at any time. (Student and Community go Unit, 1986) Before that, I am very confused when reading an article. But now, I am using note making technique to take down important information and memorize it easily. Besides that, it helps me to do revision more convenient and easily understand the content of an article. On the other hand, I will take notes in the class from lecturer. I can easily summarising and review the lesson base on the notes that I have made. (Jones and Mort, 1994) different than that, I also learn about mind mapping in this subject. I would know how to make a mind map by using the notes. The note in a mind map is in order and clearly to analyze each part of the topic. It would help me easily to understand and have a direct vision for each part of the main topic. I can imagine the mind map by brainstorming and write down the notes and ideas easily. It helps me to remember each part of the ideas that I list down for examination and to overcome the information overload problem. (Mann, 2003)PDSM also teach me how to manage time. Before that, I always postpones my assignment until outlive minutes, thus I cant finish it. But after I learned the skill, I can overcome procrastination and manage time well. I am able to hand up my assignment on time. Besid es that, I can plan and manage time usance more elastic in setting priorities by assigning and making decision between urgent and important criteria. (Haughey, 2000) In addition, I can set my personal goals via using S.M.A.R.T. principle to achieve lifetime goal in the future. (Haughey, 2000)Besides that, I also study learning method in PDSM. Before that, I do not know where I want to start on learning each subject. After I studied this subject, it helps me to find a ways to improve my study by the types of learning situations. For examples, I can contend with classmates in tutorial and ask questions on lecturer. I will listen lectures from lecturer idea, recorded the notes and discuss with my classmates. I will know and understand the learning outcomes as a result on each courses of study. (Khathijah, 2004) I will manage my study and improve as well and enhance the quality of learning. (Khathijah, 2004)In conclusion, PDSM helps me in studying skills, personality and self-developm ent. It will help me to become a prospering person and as a student in the future.ReferenceMind Tools, 1995, Building Self-Confidence Develop the Self-Confidence You Deserve, Mind Tools Industry, accessible from http//www.mindtools.com/selfconf.html, oddment Accessed twenty-fifth July 2009.Perera, K, 2002, What is Self Esteem?, More-Selfesteem.com Company, forthcoming from http//www.more-selfesteem.com/whatisselfesteem.htm, determination Accessed twenty-fifth July 2009.qcda, 1993, Developing skills Thinking skills, Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency Company, on tap(predicate) from http//www.qcda.gov.uk/1841.aspx, Last Accessed twenty-fourth July 2009.Answer.com, 2009, What is Your Personal Career Plan?, Answers Corporation Company, Available fromhttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_your_personal_career_plan, Last Accessed twenty-fourth July 2009.Answer.com, 2009, SWOT analysis, Answers Corporation Company, Available fromhttp//www.answers.com/topic/swot-analysis, Last Accessed 24th July 2009.Wikipedia, 2009, SWOT analysis, n.p. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis, Last Accessed 24th July 2009.Fodor, J, Dr, n.d. What is Active Listening? The Elmhurst College scholarship Center, Available fromhttp//www.elmhurst.edu/library/learningcenter/Listening/what_is_active_listening.htm, Last Accessed 24th July 2009.Mind Tools, 1995, corpse language Understanding non-verbal communication, Mind Tools Industry, Available fromhttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/Body_Language.htm, Last Accessed 25th July 2009.Richman, H, 1998, 11 Free Tips Improve Studying Results, Sound Feelings, Available from http//www.soundfeelings.com/ relax/studying.htm, Last Accessed 14th July 2009.Price, G, Maier, M, eds, 2008, Reading Skills, University of Southampton, Available from http//www.studyskills.soton.ac.uk/studytips/reading_skills.htm, Last Accessed 17th July 2009.Lamb, A, and Johnson, L, 1999, paring and Scanning, n.p. Available fromhttp//www.42expl ore.com/skim.htm, Last Accessed 17th July 2009.Student and Community Services Unit, 1986, Note Making, Victoria University of Wellington, Available from http//www.victoria.ac.nz/st_Services/slss/studyhub/notes/Note-making.pdf,Last Accessed 22nd July 2009.Jones, G, and Mort, P, 1994, Note-Taking Skills, The Learning Centre Company, Available from http//www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/pdf/notetake.pdf, Last Accessed 19th July 2009.Mann, B, 2003, Overcome Information Overload with Mind Maps, WebProNews Company, Available fromhttp//www.webpronews.com/topnews/2003/08/20/overcome-information-overload-with-mind-maps, Last Accessed twenty-third July 2009.Haughey, D, 2000, SMART Goals, ProjectSmart.co.uk Company, Available fromhttp//www.projectsmart.co.uk/smart-goals.html, Last Accessed 23rd July 2009.Khathijah Abdul Hamid, Dr, 2004, A Guideline for the Development of Learning Outcomes for Courses of Study Offered at mystical Higher Education Institutions, Linn-Benton Community College Media Servi ce, Available fromhttp//www.mqa.gov.my/fail/gpanduan/LearningOutcomesBI.pdf, Last Accessed 24th July 2009.

The Importance Of Agriculture To Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of floriculture To Nigeria environmental Sciences Essay factory farm is the engine that stimulates economic change in a nation development Agriculture occurs when people begin planting and cultivating shops. It is say to be natures pabulum web and the rechaneling of energy for hu homo planting and brute consumption. To simplify, horticulture embroils re accepting natures natural flow of the f ar web.Nigeria is very invoke with gardening re asc abolishants, and if you rec entirely, this is what the green colour symbolizes in our nations flag. Most parts of the wry land assure rich discoloration, and good rainf t extinct ensemble, non to mention the impassioned year, round temperature. nearly 80% of the land is cultivatable, and close to 13% of the land is forested, and livestock are also maintained by farmers.In the 1960s agriculture was the hu cosmea foot for the nations economy and Nigeria was self sufficient in terms of for g wrangling. Before the baring of oil, our economy was sustained by agriculture. The empyrean remains the largest contri thator to the Nigerian economy, accounting for over 38% of the non-oil foreign exchange earning and employing virtually 70% of the active labour force of the population.Although, the field has suffered much neglect since the find of petroleum in commercial quantity in 1958 more than(prenominal)over its immenseness let onho worknot be over emphasized in the nations economy. Data shows that at license in 1960 the contribution of agriculture to the GDP was about 60%, which is typic for developing agrarian nations. In 1998, Agriculture was said to afford contributed an estimated 32% of Gross Domestic Product (DGP) to Nigerian economy and an estimated 32 part of labour force was employed. In 2006 contributed 43% to GDP of US $142 gazillion and employed 70% of the population.The importance of Agriculture is so numerous but to mention a few. People depend on a wide range o f Agricultural products in few all aspects of life. It is a report economic driver. It is central to individual livelihoods and alleviates poverty. Provider of energy fuel-wood and medical plants, it helps in Nations economic product, e.g. Agriculture contributes between 40 and 60% of the GDP of many an separate(prenominal) Afri back Countries. Agriculture is a key to healthy biosphere, it provide nutriment, which is a key determinant of sympathetic health. In general the contribution of Agriculture sector provide food incremental foodstuffs for new products manufactured in the industrial sector, it has contributed immensely on the supply of new materials to other sectors, revenue enhancement revenue to the Government to provide Foreign exchange.Having t all(prenominal)n some of the importance of Agriculture, how then(prenominal) do we attain 70% cultivate in Agriculture sector each year? To achieve growth, bold steps must be taken towards changing our orientation on Ag riculture and reversing the trend. For long we encounter merely been paying lip service to the revival of Agriculture as the main stay of our economy. It is on the drive to influence back the yesteryear glories of Agriculture and use it to complement our oil earning that we came up with the initiative labeled Quest to achieved food sufficiency.CHPTER 2QUEST TO ACHIEVED FOOD SFFICIENCYQuest to achieved food sufficiency is a style of making sure our food, Fibers, energy and volunteer(a) opportunities cheap, sufficient game quality and safe. Quest to achieve food sufficiency is the availability of food or food in excess. This can be accomplished by involving Nigerian youths in cultivation. That is inculcating the sense of participation in Agricultural sector. G peerless are the sidereal old age where horticulture is left hand field for retired workers and those in the cl consumeish subjects. regimen is the some essential thing in mans live. consort to Abraham Maslow an i ndustrial psychologist, came up with the theory of physiological needs of man and blow over on the list was the desire for food as the basic need. jibe to him, after(prenominal) a man has satisfied his need for food, he beings to pray for clothing and then for shelter.Today food which is the basic need of man is readily unavailable all over talk less of man being satisfied with it. This as whole led to macrocosm food crisis and no country is unaffected. Particularly years, 2007-2008 saw dramatic rises in cosmea food price, creating a orbicular crisis and causation political and economical unbalance and social unrest in both poor and genuine nations.Although it is almost im workable to pinpoint the exact cause of soaring food price, brights nourish strayd the blame on rising fuel costs, lower sylvan deed, weather shocks, more meat consumption, shifts to bio-fuel harvest-tides and bad policies.The hike in food price, threaten to increase malnutrition. Malnutrition impai rs the ability to lean or to work and reduces immunity to unsoundness. Hunger is a cause of poverty.Last week UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that 963 cardinal people are now hungry, which promoter another 40 million people come been pushed into hunger. In addition, nipper mortality (about 3.5 children die yearly) is attributed to malnutrition since childrens health and cognitive development is sensitive to the boilers suit development. Yet, in the face of this poverty and hunger, our work force is not left untouched or unaffected as this poverty and hunger reduces productivity. centre OF THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS ON NIGERIANigeria has never had food security. It has as habitual been importing rice, beans and other food items. Since the sources of supplied of these importation are in food crisis it has a spill over effect on Nigeria.The most profound area is that food price pass on be on the broad(prenominal) side, and result to low quantity of food to be import at that step forwardby, causing instability in the country economic, social and political sector. Many give starve to death, crime rate depart be on the high side, and the rate of poverty will be extremely high.To avert possible food crisis in Nigeria serious, practical and effective implementation needs to be fetching in agriculture sector.Poverty in Nigeria is predominantly rural. Of all Nigerians who are poor, nearly both-third lives in rural areas. For the near future therefore, cut back poverty in Nigeria will depend largely on exhilarating rural growth. The most powerful engine of rural growth is pastoral growth, because agriculture has authorized forward and backward linkages to the local economy on both the production and the consumption side.This will in turn misrepresent Nigeria to be sufficient in food and agricultural production, and join the league of industrialized nations by the year 2020 because, agriculture is and has always been a study impost or in the game of industrial revolution.MECHANISED produceING AND tap AGRICULTURE OUT PUT IN NIGERIAMechanization of the agricultural fabrication is the way out of solving Nigerias problem instead of the tractorization belief by some. Moreover, this can be achieve by matching up piece input with mechanization, bringing in machinery and increase the scale of production, so that whatever you produce will match the population growth rate.No doubt, Nigeria soil is rich and the climate good enough to grow nearly all kinds of food crop anybody can think of. What is required is to get an expert that will manage the soil.Some areas might not belief in tractorization but the use of animal plough, the best is to improve on the technique so you can accelerate their production rate. Some areas have vigor tillage, you plant and it will germinate, that kind of place does not need tractors but planters. In addition, part of mechanization plan that is proper is to plan for irrigation itself to pee the plant where there is no rain.There is need for improvement on subsistent farmers as record has it that 95% of agriculture product is from then. Subsistent farmers cultivate not more than four hectares. To move from the level of subsistent farming to scale farming, mechanization input must be there.The average impart of lemon crop in Nigeria is 3.5 tones per hectare, compared to 8.6 tones per hectare in developed countries. This is very low and cannot be friction match with the work force. With this low yield, commercial agriculture is hard to tot up by.From the global experience its suggests that the path ways along which commercial agriculture can develop, is by successful model ranging from highly diversified systems made up of small holders who deeply involved in commercial production to more specialized systems made up of large-scale mechanized farmers who produce exclusively for the market.Mechanized farming is an easy or stress free farming and the yield is far higher than hoe/merchant farming. It goes along way attracting the youthsINVOLVING NIGERIAN YOUTH IN MORDEN DAY AGRICULTUREOne of the factors that menace the sustainability of agriculture is the lack of involvement of our youth in it. It is becoming more and more difficult to attract our youth in agricultural pursuits.The average age of persons involved in domestic agriculture is 50-65 years old and without change magnitude participation from our youth, by the year 2014, the average age range of agriculture producers will be approximately 65-70 years.The contribution of the youth is essentially important in the development of rural areas. The youth are essential human beings in the development of rural areas. Studies have shown that rural areas, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, have high population ratio when compared to the urban centre.Youths in this context has been defined as individuals male or womanly in a higher place ten but below forty- atomic numb er 23 years. Indeed, the vital source of work force for development is seen within this range.The employment rate in this country is very low. According to United Nations, population found, approximately trine million people in Nigeria, mainly youths, move into the labour market each year with but few getting jobs. These young Nigerians can be re-trained in agriculture sector.When we g live our young people in the accomplish of domestic agriculture, it will in turn develop the rural areas, which is the subside of economic upliftment for the nation.The YPAD initiated QUEST TO ACHIEVED FOOD adequateness in order to involve young people in agriculture sector. This is a yearly course of instruction. The program provides the opportunity for development of practical skills in the areas of farm guidance, production and market of crops, livestock, as rise as the business administration of a successful farm enterprise.ACTUALIZING MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND 7-POINT AGENDAThe M DGs are simply targets and indicators to flier the progress in achieving the eradication of poverty, achieving universal access to primary education, promoting grammatical sex parity and women empowerment, reducing child mortality, improve parental health, combating HIV/ aid and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, developing a global compact for development.This project was signed in 2000 about nine years ago, with just six years reach 2015. The impact in agric sector is not visible like in the aspect of HIV/AIDS.The YPAD initiative is concentrating on youths and youths are in the vanguard of change. This program will contribute to the work of some of the MDGs goals much(prenominal) as, eradication of poverty by being self-employed, promoting gender parity and empowerment of women by giving equal opportunity to the female youth. Areas such as reducing of child mortality improve maternal health ensure environmental sustainability and developing a global partne rship for development will feel the impact.This project will be cited in the rural areas, since it has been revealed that the youth constitute the highest percentage of the rural population. The development of rural areas in developing countries is the root of economic upliftment for the nation.7-POINT AGENDAThe Yaradua 7-point agenda is the vehicle designed by the administration to take Nigeria to a state where the incumbent infrastructure will be in place for our collective benefit. Its expected, that, the Nigerian economy would become one of the top 20 in the world by 2020 through the agenda. That means we are aiming at a growth rate of 13 percent per year in the next 12 years and must be sustained to remain in the macro league.The seven elements of the agenda are Energy/Power, Security/Niger Delta, Wealth Creation, Food Security, Education/Human Capital Development, Transportation/Mass Transit and institute Re motleys. This project is designed to improve the general intume sce being of the citizens and taking Nigeria to the biggest 20 economies in the world by the year 2020.To attain growth rate of 13% annually, some sectors that leads to export of its products has to be submit. And one of this sector include agriculture which could earn the country over 60% GPD annually which is one of the objective of YPAD.This program will touch the lives of many Nigerians and see to the contribution towards the success of 7-point agenda.CHAPTER 3PLAN OF ACTIONWe have mapped out strategic plans of inculcating unemployed youths into farming sectors. This plan has worked in the entertainment exertion and today the entertainment industry is known all over the country. spacious awareness would be created through media, posters, handbill, signpost, bill get along with, Local government offices etc. whereby some unemployed youths who are willing to go into farming business or who want to be self-employed will be encouraged to come out in mass and register.The registrat ion will take place in any of the banks within the country for the period of two months hardly. right off after registration audition commences, muted cardinal five persons will be short listed to participate in the program.Land will be allocating to the twenty-five candidates. Since this is our first time, we intend to start with only twenty-five persons, five per group that is forming only five groups.The program is expected to last for only three months. During this period participants will be accommodated and well catered for. At the end of the third month, harvesting will take place. They will be hazard base on the quantities of their farm product. The participants are to undergo series of manner of spea plantking such as farm management, keeping of farm record, pest control, entrepot and preservation of farm products and entrepreneurship.In order to spring the program more attractive, participants will pay visit to farms, organization and some personnel.Area/ spotWith out land for cultivation, this project cannot be achieved. Acquiring land for cultivation is one of the major challenges most youth encounter. There is no doubt Nigeria is blessed with verse land. From research, it was estimated that 79 million hectares out of Nigerias enumerate land area of about 91million hectares were arable. However, only about 32 million hectares (or 46% of the cultivable area) were being cultivated out of which 90% of agricultural output is accounted for home base with less than two hectares under cropping. The remaining land are left uncultivated these lands can be cultivated by Nigerias youth if granted the chance and means. one-third states are chosen namely FCT, Niger and Nasarawa States. But only one out of the three states wills this event take place and this depends on the availability of land.Consolation PricesTo make the program more interesting and Competitive, there is going to be prize for the best group, as well as other groups.After harvesting the group with the highest yield have be sponsored for next farming season. The idea of introducing prize is to enhance their performance, help to bring out the best in each participant.HarvestingThe farm products give out to the participants. The instructors will teach the participants how to preserve their farm products and expose them to the buyers.CHAPTER 4 lay outSince this is going to be the first event we intended to start with corn whisky and cowpea. Maize is grown virtually in all parts of the country it is grown more in the mid(prenominal)dle belt and in the northwesterly central.MaizeMaize (zea mays) is an annual plant which belongs to family Gramineae and Genus zea. Zea mays L. have a normal Chromosome complement of ten pairs. It is divided into seven groups. The categorisation is based largely on the character of the kernels. Maize is a loosen up weather plant. It grows from sea level to 300 metre altitudes. The most worthy temperature for germination is 21oc and for growth 32oc. Fifty to Sixty centimeters of well distributed rain is conducive to proper growth.Maize is a cereal plant that produces grains that can be cooked, roasted, fried, ground, pounded or crushed to prepare various food items. Apart from orient human consumption lemon tree is also useful as medicines and as raw materials for industries such as breweries, pharmaceutical companies, baby cereals, livestock feeds and other industries.The global production of maize is estimated to about 300 Million tones per year.In Nigeria, its production is quite common in all parts of the country, form the north to the south, with an annual production of about 5.6 Million tones.Until recent years, the hoi polloi of maize grain produced in Nigeria was from the south-west zone. It was reported that western Nigeria more often than not produced about 50% of Nigeria grain maize, the remaining 50% being disunite between the north and east. Although large proportion of the grain maize is st ill produce form the south-western part, there has been a dramatic shift of dry grain production to the savannah, especially the Union Guinea savanna i.e. the centre and Northern belt of Nigeria where sunshine is adequate and rainfall is moderate. Under these conditions, retentiveness of grains can be accomplished without much damage from louse pests.In these zones farmers tends to prefer maize cultivation to sorghum. This trend may have been brought about for several reasons including availability of streak resistant varieties for all ecological zones in Nigeria, availability of high yielding hybrid varieties, increase in maize demand conjugated with the federal Government imposed ban on importation of rice, maize and wheat. Local production had to be geared up to meet the demand for direct human consumption and industries.The name maize is derived from the South American Indian Arawat Carib word Mahiz. It is also known as Indian corn or corn in America. It was introduced in to Nigeria probably in the 6th century by the Portuguese. Today maize crop skips about 1Milion hectare out of a Million hectares it occupied in Africa and it is the second most important cereal crop in Nigeria. The two varieties of maize are Hybrid and composite but for now we are making do with composite maize.LAND CLEARINGLand clearing must be carried out with minimal displacement of the topsoil. It requires judicious use of heavy machinery coupled with sound soil conservation measures that will preserve the soil profuseness status, which varies under long term fallow vegetation. Minimum tillage is a feasible way of sustaining high soil fertility under intensive maize farming. makeING TIMESowing date is an essential component of crop management. Yields decline with lateness of planting after an optimum time, usually the start of the rains. result of varieties to other inputs is dependent upon planting time. Optimum planting in each of the major agro ecological zones of Nigeri a falls with these following ranges.Forest Zone middle April 2nd Week in MayForest Savanna musical passage 3rd Week in April 3rd Week in May.Northern Guinea Savanna Last Week in May first Week in JuneSudan Savanna First 2 Weeks in June demesneMaize is best adapted to well drain Sandy loam to loose loam soils. Water stagnation is extremely harmful to the crop therefore, proper waste pipe is a must for the success of the crop especially during Kharif season. Maize will not thrive on heavy clays, especially lowlands. It can be grown successfully in soil whose PH ranges from 5.5 to 6.5PLANT NUTRIENTS AND fertilizer APPLICATIONSFor good growth and high yield, the maize plant must be supplied with adequate nutrients particularly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.DISEASE CONTROLAlthough several diseases have been identified on maize in Nigeria, only few of them significantly reduce maize yields. They are maize streak, downy influence, maize defile/chlorotic stunk, curvul aria leaf spot, stalk and ear rots.In order to make farming economically feasible, resistant line were bred and made available to farmers. With these efforts, maize streak, smut and rust have been kept under control.Genes for downy mildew unsusceptibility has been incorporated into streak resistant varieties.Scientists in Nigeria have developed high yielding disease resistant /tolerant maize varieties. The freshly developed varieties of maize have between 90 and 95% resistance to the pathogen without extra fungicide protection.Striga hermonthica is a threat to increased maize production in Nigeria particularly in the high yield potential savanna zone. Scientists have identified some inbreed and hybrids that have consistently demonstrated margin to S. hermonthica under heavy infestation also reported that the use of NPK and carbamide fertilizers as effective means of controlling S. hermonthica in maize field. pinhead CONTROLWeeds cause severe yield reduction in maize in Nigeria because they complete with the crop for nutrients. Water and light take controls is the most expensive operation in traditional maize farming since it is procured manually. Often, the labour is too expensive causing many farmers to abandon heater control thereby resulting in very low yields.INSECT lad CONTROLThere has been a renewed interest in the use of natural plant products in the protection of stored agricultural product against insect pest in storage.The use of plant products in form of powders in the management of stored products coleopteran is the most convenient, the powders are easy to apply, and the commodities remain clean after treatments. Moreover, the moisture fills of plants have been utilize successfully for the control of unlike species of stored product pests.POTENTIAL IMPACTS/POTENTIAL BENEFICIARIESMaize grain production in Nigeria would have at least double from 7m system of measurement tones in 2004 to 14.0M metric tones by 2007 or 21.0M metric tones by 2 010.Public/Private synergism for enhanced production established.Role of Nigeria as a lead player in disaster mitigation strengthened.Income generation, wealth creation, poverty reduction and modify food security through maize farming and related husbandry improved.COWPEA black-eyed pea is one of the most ancient crops known to man. Its broth and attendant domestication is associated with pearl millet and sorghum in Africa.It is now a broadly adapted and highly variable crop, cultivated around the world primarily for seed, but also as a vegetable, a cover crop and for fodder. Cowpea has a number of common names, including crowder pea, black-eyed pea and gray pea.It is known internationally as lubia, niebe, coupe or feijole. However, they are all the species genus Vigna unguiculata (L) walp, in older references may be identified as genus Vigna sinensis (L). The largest production is in Africa, with Nigeria and Niger predominating.World wide production of cowpeas is approximatel y 20Million acres. Cowpea is considered more tolerant to drought than Soya beans and better adapted to sandlike soils. Many cultivars have a vining growth habit or scrubbing type cultivars. But shrub type is better suited for direct combining.PLANT DESCRIPTIONAll cultivated cowpea varieties are considered warm season and adapted to heat and drought conditions. Cowpeas typically reach a canopy height of 30 to 36 inches, although the more determinate bush types may reach only 24 inches. The seed pods are borne above the leaf axil, making the pods very visible. The seeds pod is typically 3 to 6 inches long and has 6 to 13 seeds per pod. The seed weight per bush is 60 pounds with about 3,000 to 4,000 seeds per pound.UTILIZATIONThe fresh type referred to as southern peas are shelled green and the peas can be cooked fresh and canned or fixed for later use, but there is also consumption of the whole pea pod as a fresh vegetable. While the dried beans is frequently sold directly to the consumer after cleaning or freezing.Cowpea is consider nutritious with a protein limit of about 23%, fat content of 1.3%, fiber content of 1.8%, carbohydrate content of 67% and water content of 8 9%. As in most legumes, the amino vinegarish profile complements cereal grains.PLANTING/GROWINGFor optimum yield, cowpeas should be place in early June, although planting dates from late may through mid June are appropriate.The bush types yield better on closer row spacing. The seed should be planted similar to soybeans at 1 to 11/2 inches deep.FERTILITY MANAGEMENTAs a legume, cowpea fixes its own nitrogen and does not need nitrogen fertilizer. Infact, some of the vigorous, vining, varieties of cowpeas are dainty nitrogen producers as a cover crop. The soil PH should be 6.0 or higher.DISEASES AND INSECTSThe major insect pest is cowpea curculio, and the major disease is root knot, a severe root disease induced by root knot nematodes (melo dogyne spp) but active breeding has taken p lace for resistant varieties.GROWINGGrowing cowpea is fairly straight forward, with management practices being similar to soybeans. Proper site selection is important. Cowpea is well adapted to sandy soils, and will perform well on rich, well drained soils, but should not be grown on unfaltering or poorly drained soils.INTERCROPPING AND CROP ROTATIONCowpea has out standing potential for intercropping and crop rotation. In Africa, cowpea has been intercropped for a old with various other crops such as maize, groundnuts, millet and other grins.Report shows that 98% of cowpea grown in Africa is intercropped.Cowpea can be intercropped with taller plants, such as maize, particularly in high rainfalls areas, due to their exceptional fill in tolerance. They are also outstanding as straight rotational crop because of their susceptibility to root knot nematodes and their beneficial effect on subsequent maize crops, which lasts even for the second succeeding crop.ADVATAGES FOR INTERCROPP ING WITH MAIZEHigher total yields then sole crop yields, probably due to less intraspecific competition.Greater yield stabilityMore efficient utilization of environmental resourcesBetter weed controlProvision of insurance against crop failure. modify quality provided by varietyMaize as a sole crop requires a larger area to produce the same yield as the maize component in an intercropping system.CHAPTER 5PROPOSED ESTIMATES FOR QUEST TO ACHIEVEFOODSUFFICIENCY 2008LANDAbout 10,000 hectares located at Yangoji, Dafa, Tungan Galadima, Kwali Area Council all in FCT.The land is lease at N510, 000/hectare for 50years. For 25hectare it will cost N12, 750,000. But there is provision for mortgage finance option whereby the same land is used as collateral. With mortgage finance we are allowed to pay 50% (N6, 625,000.00) and get around the remaining payment within a particular period. The land can be renewed after 50years. No doubt, the mortgage finance lineation is preferred.FURNISHED THREE BEDROOM APARTMENTAPPLICANCESQTYUNITY PRICE(N)AMOUNT(N)Accommodation Three bedroom flat for 25 persons2250,000500,000.00Carpet for the three cortege6 room2,500/room15,000.00Rug in the seating room2room45,00090,000.00Six spring student mattresses254000100,000.00Pillows2550012,500.0021 Flat screen Television250,000100,000.00Refrigerator285,000170,000.00 stabilizer2 one hundred fifty0030,000.00Ceiling fans8300024,000.00Generator of 1.5kv Yamaha250,000100,000.00Total1,141500.00 promotional materialAnnouncement/airing on Electronic Media 4,500,000.00Newspaper Full foliate three times for three weeks 1,134,000.00Posters 500,000.00Banners 500,000.00Hand bill 200,000.00Bill board 3,000,000.00TOTAL N9, 334,000.00FEEDINGMEAL FOR TWENTY FIVE PERSONSThree c naira per meal, for three square off meal per person in a day it is N900 (nine hundred naira) N300/meal/N900/person/day.Three square meal for twenty five persons in a day cost N22, 500 (twenty two thousand five hundred) N22, 500/twenty five persons/three square meal/day.Twenty five persons in ninety days N2, 025,000.00 (two million twenty five thousand naira) N2, 025,000/twenty five persons/ninety daysBottle water N500, 000.00TOTAL N2, 525,000.00THE QUANTITY OF seeded player NEEDEDSEEDQTY/HaQTY/20HaUNIT PRICEAMOUNTMaize seed (ACR 97)20kg500kg150/kg75,000.00Cowpea20kg500kg200/kg100,000.00Apron star55,000.00 chap Control/weeding985,000.00TOTAL1,215,000.00Apron star (seed greasing) for slurry seed, treatment, fungicide, insecticide and seed treatment.PLANT NUTRIENTSPlant nutrients involve organic and inorganic nutrients.NutrientsBags/ha.Bags/20ha.Unit Price/Bag(N) make out (N)Fertilizer (151515) NPK6 bags150 bags3,000/bag450,000.00Urea (201010)2 bags50 bags2,500/bag125,000.00Organic nutrients/manure100,000.00TOTAL675,000.00FARM MACHINERYFARM TOOLSQTYUNIT PRICE(N)AMOUNT(N)Hoes (Galma)51,5007,500.00Machetes51,0005,000.00Tractor (Hiring for 3days)215,000/day90,000.00 planter (plating for 3day)25,000/day30,000.00Tot

Impact of widowhood on elderly women in nigeria

Impact of leavehood on fourth-year women in nigeriaThe paper examines the complaisant structured context and implications of leavehood in south Nigeria. It argues that in spite of the efforts by machinateal and informal get onncies to alleviate the burdens of widowhood, the gender informed discriminatory formula of mourning which exacts a heavy toll on women persists. In this case, widows argon widend to harsh and often cruel mourning enforces which be oddly tasking for elder women who prepargon to contend with frail carnal health, expiry of partners and the moral, psychological and physical mark of widowhood. Therefore, while these practices ar norm oriented they ex affectation the elderly widows to psychological and companionable make out challenges. How of all time, these elderly widows argon to a fault often led into activities and societal strategies perceived as capable of alleviating the burdens of widowhood. ein truth bit interesting is the finding that widows who are grumpyly eng advanced and enjoy mixer rattlinglihood cope better with the challenges of widowhood than others. In view of the above, the paper argues for a more agile role by mixer change by reversalers in intercommunicate safekeeping provisioning and policies for less(prenominal)ening the burdens of widowhood on elderly women.INTRODUCTIONThe plight of widows has been a recurrent theme in the efforts to address perceived or material gender imbalance in Afri keister societies even in contemporaneous times. In spite of this the traditional conception of mourning which places a high burden on women has obviously defied reform efforts. in that locationfore the focus on widows actually derives from the traditional and patriarchal nature of African societies in which women are often regarded as the silent role players. In such(prenominal) a situation a woman who loses her partner whitethorn confront ethnicly structured scenarios different from the case of a man in the equivalent situation. Therefore, the imaginings of widowhood in African societies are socio-culturally structured and rein agonistic and move over operative gender imbalance.Widowhood, meaning impairment of angiotensin-converting enzymes cooperator whether early or laterward on in life entails a lot of things, virtuallyly problems for the bereaved. Its effects may even be worse when the bereaved is an elderly person. Her self identity element in any case changes in the sense that it brings on an era of identity crisis. This is because the widows relish that the real essence of their being married has been lost by the decease of spouses. Coping with this identity crisis depends to a large extent on the exclusives qualification and will. For traditionally oriented women, the role of wife is central to their lives, structuring their lives non single in their house h sr.s exclusively also on the job and in answering the question who am I and these women often put wife of at the top of their dispositions (Atchley, 1996).Social recognition and acceptance also pose a problem to widows because often times, widowhood in African societies goes with the erosion of sociable recognition. Widows often face problems of declining social recognition and acceptance after the expiry of their spouses and this can be linked to their losing their central roles of wife. In dealing with the societal strength, these women get involved in other activities that they think will athletic supporter them get recognition from the public and this can be seen in their busy troth in politics.The elderly large number in the society are often stereotyped as lazy, wicked, hard to please disgusting, sickly and sometimes even diabolical (Korieh, 2005). This can be explained by the fact that they are viewed as burdens and distractions from ones immediate family and responsibilities. This stereotype is wrong because in the society, old people who are kind, peac eful and God fearing can still be lay d accept and this shows that one being evil or nice has nothing to do with age but the persons character and dispositions in life. check to Hazelrigg (1977), age by itself is not the cause of eachthing and it gets meaning only from how we use it to sort people. Thus, although age is used systematically to distinguish and categorize people, age in itself explains very little or nothing at all.The qualifying of a spouse can be a very traumatic experience specially for many sure-enough(a) women who devoted approximately of their lives to their marriages, economizes and children. Widowhood has thus been called the exemplar of a expressful life event and perhaps requiring more adjustment than any other life transition. (Hatch, 2000 Gallagtor et al, 1983).In addition to this, isolation and exclusion from the social environment sets in all in the name of widowhood practices and rituals and the woman is not anticipate traditionally to look aft er herself or freshen-up. This is often defined crudely as not bathing or combing her hair (See Basden, 1966). He aptly captured this practice in traditional Igbo society. According to him the woman mourningMoves from her deceased husbands house to a small but in another part of the compound. While dwelling in this hut, she wears no apparel unless perhaps a rag she must sit on a block or wood and nowhere else. Instead of a dormancy mat, a banana leaf must suffice (Basden, 1966 278).A large theoretic orientation in gerontology, the use possibleness of age argues that universal aging involves maintaining as long as possible the activities and attitudes of middle age (See, Havighurst, 1963 Brehm, 1968). The basic assertion of this theory is that individuals should be just as combat-ready and involved in a variety of different roles and responsibilities in their later years as they were in their middle years. Judging by the desolation and feeling of aloneness these widows expe rience after nutriment for decades with their spouses and losing them when their companionship is closely needed- at retirement one would agree that the military action theory to a large extent captures the situation of these widow (See Atchley1996).Thus, according to Brehm (1968), except for the biological and health changes older people have essentially the same psychological and social needs as middle aged people. From our get hold of, it was discovered that this activity theory is of very wide significance as a bonnie number of elderly widows used in the study agreed that active involvement in traffic helped them deal with widowhood and its related stress. For them, it helped them overcome loneliness, tender them with resources and kept time moving. This is in live with the contention of Kunkel (1979), that pee-peeing discipline widows adjust better during bereavement than those sick, jobless or incapacitated.Based on both the likely erosion of social recognition and i nsurmoun defer loss which widowhood offices, widows have often had to face socio-psychological challenges. These challenges result from both the societal attitude to widows and more crucially the psychological and even physical health of widows. As the above discussion shows, the case of elderly women may be worse given the unexamined stereotype about their attitudes and behaviour (See Korieh, 2005).Therefore this study want to ascertain the socio-psychological impact of widowhood on elderly women in a distinctive traditional setting in Nigeria. Such an exercise has undoubted policy and look implications since discrimination against widows form part of the much decried harmful traditional practices against women. Hence the outcome of this study may be instru kind in making known social policies for protection of women as well as pinpointing empirical and theoretical social croak response to the problems of widowhood.The study was conducted in Nsukka Local political sympathies Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Three quarters in the local government empyrean viz Nkpunano, Nru and Ihe-owere were purposively chosen for the study. A total of 500 respondents were chosen through purposive sampling in the above three quarters. All the respondents were identified elderly widows above fifty years of age in these communities. The multi-stage sampling technique was used in actually selecting the above respondents while the questionnaire and interviews were used as instruments of data collection. The findings of the study report below was based on a total number of 448 elderly women who fully responded to the study instruments.RELATIONSHIP among MENTAL/EMOTIONAL STRESS ANDWIDOWHOOD IN antiquated WOMEN IN NIGERIA. matchless glaring socio-psychological impact of widowhood identified in the study sample is kind/emotional stress. In the case, quite a good number of the respondents describe experiencing this type of psychological imbalance. As the sidestep below orie nts, the enormity of responsibilities widowhood lays on them triggers off mental/emotional stress in addition to physical stress. board i dissemination of Respondents by Nature of Health nisus.StressRespondents functionMental Stress71.6Physical Stress28062.5none16135.9Total448100From the table above, apart from the 161 widows (35.9%) who declared they had no stress at all, 280 (62.5%) suffered from physical stress while 7 (1.6%) suffered from mental stress. This was as a result of the weight of responsibilities handed down to them after the shut out of their spouses. As has been indicated in the literature (See Basden, 1966), the isolation of the widow and the shabby manipulation meted out to her in the name of glossiness in Igbo shoot down can generate and heighten emotional and mental stress. In fact as one of our respondents stated, approximately of the times I fall sick, it is because I think of how to care for my family and I dont seem to come up with any solution. There fore in the Igbo area of Nigeria generally, as our study reveals, widows are confronted by social practices and observances such as disinheritance, and isolation which have adverse effects on their mental and psychological balance.Mental/emotional stress is a situation in ones mental well being or emotional state occasioned by tragedy (See Atchley, 1996). According to Atchley this stress can be manifested in the form of extreme anxiety, worries, frequent head-ache, high blood pressure, insomnia, heartache and regular infirmary visits precipitated by mainly by worry.In patriarchal societies, especially where the widows are suspected of killing their husbands widows are left entirely without social support (see Korieh, 1995). This is normally worse for the women who do not have adequate educational background or who were prevented from obtaining further education. According to one of our respondents, a close relative of her deceased husband tried justifying the treatment meted out to her by asking her how come it was our brother who died?Therefore, the death of a womans spouse in Igboland is usually a great psychological and physical challenge to the widow and her children. The woman who is bereaved is usually expected to be the chief mourner, assisted by relatives and friends, the wailing, weeping and hysteria are expected to go on for days before the mans burial and even afterwards (Afigbo,1989). As has been reported in the literature such wailings and bitter lamentations are culturally expected (Basden, 1966 Meek 1937 cf Afigbo, 1989). This practice of prolonged wailing and anguish compel by culture may often affect the psychological and mental balance of the woman (See Afigbo, 1989). In addition to this, widowhood may also occasion psychological and mental imbalance in some women especially older women whose mental faculties and emotions have been weakened by the challenges of living.Another key practice of widowhood in Africa which affects a womans psychol ogical balance is the compulsory period of privacy and isolation (Nwoga, 1989). In this case, the woman is isolated from the community for a undertake period. According to this scholar, the isolation is combined with a regime of total scorn of the hygiene and body needs of the woman and incidentally, the practice of widowhood known as Igba-nkpe has also been discover among Islamic communities. According to Trimmingham (1959), this period is known as iddat or idda among the Moslems and covers an average period of four months and ten days but in Igboland, the period lasts full 12 calendar months though primitive Christianity has reduced it in some cases nowadays to six months.Due to their ages also, there are more reports of depression, poor health or new or heightened illnesses among these widows than there is among non-bereaved elderly widows and some of them do not live lasting than one year after the deaths of their spouses (Gallagher and Thompson, 2001). This is because dep ression sets in at the loss of a spouse and most of them tell themselves that there is nothing to live for anymore. At some other times, married women friends see these widows as threats to their own still be marriages and as a result terminate their relationships with these widows at the death of their spouses.ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT IN OCCUPATION AND COPING WITH WIDOWHOOD AMONG ELDERLY WOMENWomen across the globe have shown enviable courage, resourcefulness and residence in carrying on despite the trauma caused by widowhood, the isolation imposed on them by widowhood and the difficult tasks of earning a living and protecting themselves and their dependent family members. These women work outside the home as the breadwinners, make decisions, head their households and sometimes mug up other women in areas of public life (ICRC, 1999). The above is no less the case with elderly widows in Southeastern Nigeria whose burden may have been doubled by the reality of aging. However, the women a s our findings indicate see maintaining a sense of balance through engagement in phone line or meaningful economic activity as critical to surviving the coping challenges of widowhood in old age. Therefore, as can be tell from the table below, most of the widows were actively involved in one form of occupation or the other in order to earn a living for their families, and maintain some level of socio-economic functioning considered necessary to coping with widowhoodTable ii scattering of Respondents by Perceived influence of industrious occasion inOccupation on CopingActive InvolvementRespondentsPercentageYes39989.1No4910.9Total448100%It can be noted that 399 respondents (89.1%) stated that active involvement in occupation helped them deal with the stress of widowhood. This is in agreement with the literature which asserts that active involvement in occupation assists widows to deal with widowhood (See Kunkel, 1979). These widows when further questioned expressed different reas ons for their involvement in active occupation but given that finance usually is a walloping problem to widows, 126 (31.6%) and 154 (38.6%) respondents respectively believe in active involvement because it provides notes for the upkeep of the family and prevents too much thinking for the widowsTable iii Distribution of Respondents by Importance of Active Involvement inOccupation.Importance of Active InvolvementRespondentsPercentagePrevents loneliness5614Prevents thinking15438.6Provides gold resources12631.6Keeps time moving6315.8Total399100Apart from involvement in occupation, these widows engaged themselves in some sort of social activities. These they did most times to get their minds off their problems especially at those periods the pains of loss of a love one and maltreatment by in-laws were very intense. The table below goes to show that a reasonable number of widows get themselves industrious socially in one thing or the other as a way of avoiding being engrossed in the t hroes of pain or endless contemplation of life without ones partnerTable iv Distribution of Respondents by Social Strategies Adopted by Elderly WidowsSocial schemaRespondents%Active involvement in meetings7717.2Stepped up interaction with family429.4Move involvement in religion25957.8Introversion143.1 conscionable keeping busy5612.5Total448100Given that most of the respondents were Christians, it was not out of place to discover that majority of them follow or resorted to prayers as a social strategy to cope with widowhood. In the interviews as well, it was observed that a good number of them adopted church activities as a solace from the loneliness and difficulties associated with widowhood. Apparently, the widows as the interviews revealed held strongly to the popular arbitrariness that when all things fail, God never fails. One of them said in vernacular, Ekpere bu ikem. Chukwu bu onye nkwado m. This manifestly means in English, Prayer is my strength, God is my provider.From the foregoing wherefore, the study revealed that most of the elderly widows at one point or another adopted economic strategies to help them cope the hardship associated with widowhood. Such strategies ranged from petty trade down to taking up additional jobs. On the other hand, they also adopted social strategies to assist them in their daily affairs as widows. These womens involvement in occupations and church activities as means of coping or overcoming widowhood are largely in agreement with the views of some scholars who have compose on widowhood (see, Kunkel, 1979 Atchley, 1997).SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE AND THE ALLEVIATION OF PROBLEMS OF WIDOWS IN NIGERIA.As the study revealed, widowhood in Southeastern Nigeria poses a variety of problems to women ranging from low social prestige, disinheritance, and forceful remarriage amongst others. Widows in Southeastern Nigeria often encounter the most strong forms of these discriminations in spite of the increasing modernity of all sphere s of the society.One prop of this gender discrimination is that once the man dies, the widow faces the incidence of disinheritance by in-laws. In western societies, a woman is entitled to all she ever had or shared with her deceased husband but as this study found out in Southeastern Nigeria widows, though preferring to continue to work on the lands owned by their late husbands cannot do so because land inheritance is impossible for them as a result of cultural norms which forbid this (Korieh, 2005). According to Oluwa (2005), though in paper the statutory and customary laws indicate that widows should inherit or be sole beneficiaries of their exanimate husbands properties (especially where children exist), this does not take in in practice. Rather in some cases where the woman is desperate for these lands and property, she is forced to conform to the tradition of widow inheritance. In this case, the woman is treated as part of the properties of the dead men and is also availabl e for inheritance. She becomes the legal wife of her inheritor and the children inherited and those born by the inheritor are considered to depart to the new husband (Evans Pritchard, 1951).The study also discovered that for fear of banishment and related punishments, widows suffer in silence, especially when they are denied traditional sources of support. This usually causes economic hardships and deprivation. They lose their honour and respect as soon as they lose their husbands. Their husbands being traditionally their main sources of honour and respect, once dead gives room for them to be treated with disregard as humans especially by in-laws (ICRC, 1999). This can be explained by the popular Igbo adage which says that Di bu ugwu nwanyi, (a husband is a womans honour).It was further discovered that widowhood in Igboland is usually a great psychological and physical challenge to the elderly widow. The wailing, weeping and hysteria are expected to go on for days, before the man s burial and even after wards as is obvious in the literature, such wailings and bitter lamentations are cultural expected (Basden, 1966, Meek, 1937 of Afigbo, 1989) and this prolonged wailing and anguish enforced by culture may often affect the psychological and mental balance of the woman.The list of problems is almost in exhaustible and these call for the intervention of social work services to help alleviate if not eradicate them entirely. From the study it was honoringd that those widows who involved themselves in occupation cope better than those who did not. Social workers should therefore take cognizance of the need to sensitize the idle widows to get busy in order to overcome both the financial and emotional hazards of widowhood instead than wallowing in self pity. In this case social workers can go the extra mile of linking widows with systems or organizations where these jobs no matter how small can be found.They can also act as advocates for these widows on the veer o f in-laws maltreatment. This role of advocacy should be extended to the policy makers bringing to their notice the ills suffered by the widows especially the elderly ones so that ways of enforcing already existing policies will be found and new ones established. These policies should cover areas such as Medicare for widows, living arrangements (this can be achieved by building low court houses), changing or eradication of harmful widowhood practices etc.Perhaps beyond the above public policy responses is the critical need for a widow oriented social work practice which while cognizant of the socio-cultural and psychological burdens of widowhood in Southeast Nigeria sees the elderly widows as a special group. Basically, aging and its resultant physical infirmities and socio-psychological withdrawal makes the elderly widow particularly unsafe to widow induced stress. Hence, social workers acting in their capacities to function as enhancers of coping capacity, linking agents and prom oters of effective humane operation of social systems (see, Ekpe Mamah, 1997 on the functions of social work) can do a lot to improve the situation of elderly widows in a male dominated society like the Igbo Southeastern Nigeria.The re-examination of the main findings of this study indicates that the situation of elderly widows can be explained along the lines of the popular continuity theory in social work. According to this theory the individual in the course of growing older is predisposed towards maintaining constancy in the habits, associations, preferences and lifestyle that he/she developed over the years (Peterson, 1976 McCrae and Costa, 1984). According to these Scholars, peoples habits, preferences, associations, states of health and experiences will in large part determine their efficiency to maintain their lifestyle while retiring from full time troth and perhaps adjust to the death of a loved one.Therefore in accordance with our findings in the study, it can be infe rred that activity at old age helps the elderly overcome loss of their loved ones especially their spouses and this activity if possible should be in the areas preferred and chosen by the individual with which he/she had been accustomed to over time.

Comparing Women As Propriety In The Merchant Of Venice and The Taming O

Women As Propriety In Shakespeares The Merchant Of Venice and The Taming Of the Shrew We may say that the ascendant ideas in most societies are the ideas of the dominant sex, associated and mingled with those of dominant class. (Chedgzoy, pg.50) During the Elizabethan time men dominated nine. Historically speaking males have always held much superpower then females in most cultures. Although a few cultures were matriarchic societies. Yet even in these cultures women were not the superior power moreover were valued as equal to men. Most of the matriarchal societies viewed women as the material body of the goddess. Women have never been the sole dominant sex in a society. The fall of the Matriarchal societies occurred mostly from the organization of Christianity. The Christian ideals taught that women were not think to have influential roles in society. In the Elizabethan era women were in a weak social position. In addition when Shakespeare writes about women he encompasses the complex issues that socially surround females. Shakespeare allows the audience to observe issues that effect their get factual society acted out on stage. At this time the society was definitely patriarchal, where women were viewed as inferior. In addition women had little to no power over there own lives. Fathers viewed their daughters as their propriety. Which left daughters in a powerless position. The power that women did have was their personal sexuality, virginity was prized and seen as a jewel. at a time daughters were married their husbands also valued them as propriety. Marriages were still arranged, as they had been in the Middle Ages, to further the interests of land-owning families. On marriage all the girls legal rights ceas... ...ters he created in his plays. He also developed female characters who were obviously intelligent, dynamic, and pissed willed. Thus creating dramatic plots that rise to the surface societal stereotypes and norms. As in modern society theatre and the media allow for people to express issues of match in a none threatening manner. Shakespeares dynamic plays have influenced literary productions globally for hundreds of years.WORK CITEDKaston,David Scott. A Companion To Shakespeare, Blackwell Publishers Massachusetts. 1999.Chedgzoy,Kate. Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender, New York, Palgrave 2001Dusinberre,Juliet. Shakespeare and The constitution Of Women, New York, Barnes and Noble Books. 1975.Pit, Angela Women in The Comedies and Last Plays, New York, Barnes and Noble Books 1981.Bamber, Linda humourous Women, Tragic Men, California, Stanford University Press 1982.

Analysis of the Inferno of Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy Essay

Analysis of the endocarp of Dante Alighieris comprehend japery The Divine harlequinade by Dante Alighieri is considered by many as the first great meter in the Italian language and perhaps the greatest poem written in Medieval Europe. The poem is so famous that unmatchable of the pocket-sized characters, Capaneus the great blasphemer, has his name on a mesa on one of Jupiters moon Io (Blue, 1). Also, the poem is divided into three canticles, or sections, Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradisio. For the purposes of this paper, only Inferno will be discussed. In Inferno, Dante the Pilgrim is lost. In his wanderings he encounters three specters, the leopard, the lion, and the she-wolf. Dante runs past from these three foes and is stopped by Virgil, a Roman era poet. Virgil promises to appearance Dante hell, purgatory, and then Beatrice, a dead friend of Dantes will show him heaven. Dante agrees and they embark. Dante and Virgil fit many scary and terri fying sites in hell. He first fulfills the indecisionists who in life could not make up there mind who in death are forced to run after a flag. They catch Limbo, where those who were not baptized but lived a virtuous life stay. They get a line various sinners of the lesser circles, Paolo and Francesca, the adulterous lovers and the sinners who committed anger, greed, avarice, and gluttony. They enter the City of Dis and see the heretics in their coffins. They travel down a river of blood where the murderers are kept. As they travel farther down into hell, they see worse sins and even worse punishments for those sins. Finally they see Lucifer. Then, they climb a rock cliff and natural spring hell.... ...understand these levels, literal, allegorical, moral, and anagogical, one must first understand Dantes symbolism. Works Cited Alighieri, Dante. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. Trans. Henry F. Cary. New York P.F. Collier & Son Corp., 1960. Alighieri, Dante. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. Trans. John Carlyle. New York Vintage Books, 1959. Blue, Jennifer. Io Nomenclature Mensa. Io Nomenclature. http//wwwflag.wr.usgs.gov/USGSFlag/Space/nomen/jupiter/ioTOC.html (30December 1999). Forman, Roberts, J. Dante Alighieri. Magills gaze of World Literature. Vol. 2. New York Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1993. 500-503. Kashdan, Joanne G. The Divine Comedy. Masterplots. 1727-1731. Pirandello, Luigi. The Poetry of Dante. Dante. Ed. John Freccero. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965.

The Problems of American Youth Essay -- Youth Young Adolescent Essays

The Problems of Ameri chamberpot Youth 1. IntroductionThis report before long presents the problems of American youth. It consists of six subroutines. The first one wields with the general understanding of the teenagers in general. The second part conveys some facts about historic events and socio historical context. The tercet one describes youths and their families and briefly shows the problems. The fourth part describes students and their schools. It conveys some details of educational system. The fifth part shows in what kind of activities can youths participate. The sixth part explain what problems do the youths face at. Fin totallyy the conclusions sum up all the parts and tries to show some looks to the future. 2. The TeenagersAt 18 years of age, recent pot in the United States of America can take on most of the rights and responsibilities of adulthood. However, before that the young man is understood as a teenager. A young person between the ages of 13 and 19 has to d eal with the problems of adolescence. Most hoi polloi experience conflict during this period of their lives. At this time the young people ar changing rapidly, both physically and emotionally. Moreover, they are searching for self-identity, which cause some difficulties. As the young people are growing, they are developing their own values of life that often disaccord from the ones of their parents. It must be said that teenagers are influenced by the values explicit by their friends, newspapers, television, magazines and teachers. It is good if these expreesed values are suitable for young people and affect them in the right way. During this period of life, young people cause to participate in social activities. They begin to do more things in the company of members of the opposite sex and fewer things in the company of their families. entirely youths face a certain problems. Some young people behave difficulties in their relationship with their parents. Some of them have problems at school, which may forget to use of alcohol or drugs or even grow to refusal to go school or running away from plate. Some teenagers even can turn to crime. However, some teenagers, who face such problems, are making irresponsible and important contri exactlyions to their communities, schools and society. umteen teenagers are studying for college entrance exams or running(a) at part-time jobs after school. Others are volunteering a... ...ancies. Some programs rely on strong counseling against premarital sex and differents provide contraceptive counseling. roughly one million young people run away from home each year. Most return after a few weeks, but others turn to crime. New programs are created to help troubled youths. Young people can go after school and talk with counselors, receive schoolman tutoring or take part in social activities. 8. ConclusionsMost American youths look forward to their future with hope and optimism. American youth forthwith focus on their education and career. They admit that hard work lies beforehand and claim they are willing to make the sacrifices needed to reach their goals. Many young people are headed toward four year colleges and universities. Many other look forward to getting job after high school. Others cast on getting married. Other young people intend to connect the armed forces or volunteer organizations. American youth are touch on about problems confronting both their own communities and the serviceman around them. They faced such important issues as drug abuse, AIDS and environment problems. The youth are concerned with global issues such as nuclear war and world hunger.

Bio-diesel Oil :: Renewable Energy Environment Fuel Driving

Bio-diesel OilVincent Lamaunt, our hypothetical character, is a five star general in the armed forces and has given his life to serve and protect in Iraq. Recently, intrepidity and courage on the battlefield, has given him the privilege to return home hes been told to report at headquarters at 0700 hours the next day. Transported in a truck by a fellow officer, he learns he is offici eithery relieved of his duties in Iraq after his one last delegacy to bring, from Baghdad, a convoy of four hummers, two trucks, and two support helicopters into Kuwait. geezerhood later he soon found himself traveling by train, boat, and savorless to finally reach his final destination, New York City. Vincent was greeted with a halo of comfort as his family came to bring him home in their Ford F-150. Imagine now, all these vehicles, the cars, trucks, helicopters, trains, boats, planes are no longer fueled by petroleum oil, scarce from bio-diesel oil. Amazingly, bio-diesel is no longer an imaginati on, but a close reality as this renewable fuel is vastly becoming the next best secondary source for replacing the old and diminishing fossil fuels. The soy constitute has been apart of US history for decades as an important product of American agriculture. Today, soybeans are Americas number one export crop, and for nearly 30 days beginning in the 50s, the US was producing about 75 part of the worlds soybean crop (Soypower). The oil that is extracted from this simple bean has found its right smart into some of our common household products, such as shortening and salad dressings. Weight-loss products, tike formulas, and sports drinks also contain soy proteins, which provide us all lodge essential amino acids. Even with all the important and interesting capabilities the soybean has been able to bring to us, none may be as substantive as biodiesel fuel that some have been raving about. Is it congruous with authoritative technology? I believe an important and very relevant brain to be answered before ever implementing an invention like bio-diesel oil into ordination is A computer becomes more dynamic every year, but it is up to now designed in such a carriage to be compatible with floppy disks, zip disks, CDs, and now, the Flash chips. The same must be true for bio-diesel oil or a very complicated render would be at stake. Thankfully, for us, bio-diesel oil has been tweaked in such a way that petro-diesel oil and bio-diesel oil could be used simultaneously in a good deal every current diesel engine there is.