The Importance Of Agriculture To Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of floriculture To Nigeria environmental Sciences Essay factory farm is the engine that stimulates economic change in a nation development Agriculture occurs when people begin planting and cultivating shops. It is say to be natures pabulum web and the rechaneling of energy for hu homo planting and brute consumption. To simplify, horticulture embroils re accepting natures natural flow of the f ar web.Nigeria is very invoke with gardening re asc abolishants, and if you rec entirely, this is what the green colour symbolizes in our nations flag. Most parts of the wry land assure rich discoloration, and good rainf t extinct ensemble, non to mention the impassioned year, round temperature. nearly 80% of the land is cultivatable, and close to 13% of the land is forested, and livestock are also maintained by farmers.In the 1960s agriculture was the hu cosmea foot for the nations economy and Nigeria was self sufficient in terms of for g wrangling. Before the baring of oil, our economy was sustained by agriculture. The empyrean remains the largest contri thator to the Nigerian economy, accounting for over 38% of the non-oil foreign exchange earning and employing virtually 70% of the active labour force of the population.Although, the field has suffered much neglect since the find of petroleum in commercial quantity in 1958 more than(prenominal)over its immenseness let onho worknot be over emphasized in the nations economy. Data shows that at license in 1960 the contribution of agriculture to the GDP was about 60%, which is typic for developing agrarian nations. In 1998, Agriculture was said to afford contributed an estimated 32% of Gross Domestic Product (DGP) to Nigerian economy and an estimated 32 part of labour force was employed. In 2006 contributed 43% to GDP of US $142 gazillion and employed 70% of the population.The importance of Agriculture is so numerous but to mention a few. People depend on a wide range o f Agricultural products in few all aspects of life. It is a report economic driver. It is central to individual livelihoods and alleviates poverty. Provider of energy fuel-wood and medical plants, it helps in Nations economic product, e.g. Agriculture contributes between 40 and 60% of the GDP of many an separate(prenominal) Afri back Countries. Agriculture is a key to healthy biosphere, it provide nutriment, which is a key determinant of sympathetic health. In general the contribution of Agriculture sector provide food incremental foodstuffs for new products manufactured in the industrial sector, it has contributed immensely on the supply of new materials to other sectors, revenue enhancement revenue to the Government to provide Foreign exchange.Having t all(prenominal)n some of the importance of Agriculture, how then(prenominal) do we attain 70% cultivate in Agriculture sector each year? To achieve growth, bold steps must be taken towards changing our orientation on Ag riculture and reversing the trend. For long we encounter merely been paying lip service to the revival of Agriculture as the main stay of our economy. It is on the drive to influence back the yesteryear glories of Agriculture and use it to complement our oil earning that we came up with the initiative labeled Quest to achieved food sufficiency.CHPTER 2QUEST TO ACHIEVED FOOD SFFICIENCYQuest to achieved food sufficiency is a style of making sure our food, Fibers, energy and volunteer(a) opportunities cheap, sufficient game quality and safe. Quest to achieve food sufficiency is the availability of food or food in excess. This can be accomplished by involving Nigerian youths in cultivation. That is inculcating the sense of participation in Agricultural sector. G peerless are the sidereal old age where horticulture is left hand field for retired workers and those in the cl consumeish subjects. regimen is the some essential thing in mans live. consort to Abraham Maslow an i ndustrial psychologist, came up with the theory of physiological needs of man and blow over on the list was the desire for food as the basic need. jibe to him, after(prenominal) a man has satisfied his need for food, he beings to pray for clothing and then for shelter.Today food which is the basic need of man is readily unavailable all over talk less of man being satisfied with it. This as whole led to macrocosm food crisis and no country is unaffected. Particularly years, 2007-2008 saw dramatic rises in cosmea food price, creating a orbicular crisis and causation political and economical unbalance and social unrest in both poor and genuine nations.Although it is almost im workable to pinpoint the exact cause of soaring food price, brights nourish strayd the blame on rising fuel costs, lower sylvan deed, weather shocks, more meat consumption, shifts to bio-fuel harvest-tides and bad policies.The hike in food price, threaten to increase malnutrition. Malnutrition impai rs the ability to lean or to work and reduces immunity to unsoundness. Hunger is a cause of poverty.Last week UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that 963 cardinal people are now hungry, which promoter another 40 million people come been pushed into hunger. In addition, nipper mortality (about 3.5 children die yearly) is attributed to malnutrition since childrens health and cognitive development is sensitive to the boilers suit development. Yet, in the face of this poverty and hunger, our work force is not left untouched or unaffected as this poverty and hunger reduces productivity. centre OF THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS ON NIGERIANigeria has never had food security. It has as habitual been importing rice, beans and other food items. Since the sources of supplied of these importation are in food crisis it has a spill over effect on Nigeria.The most profound area is that food price pass on be on the broad(prenominal) side, and result to low quantity of food to be import at that step forwardby, causing instability in the country economic, social and political sector. Many give starve to death, crime rate depart be on the high side, and the rate of poverty will be extremely high.To avert possible food crisis in Nigeria serious, practical and effective implementation needs to be fetching in agriculture sector.Poverty in Nigeria is predominantly rural. Of all Nigerians who are poor, nearly both-third lives in rural areas. For the near future therefore, cut back poverty in Nigeria will depend largely on exhilarating rural growth. The most powerful engine of rural growth is pastoral growth, because agriculture has authorized forward and backward linkages to the local economy on both the production and the consumption side.This will in turn misrepresent Nigeria to be sufficient in food and agricultural production, and join the league of industrialized nations by the year 2020 because, agriculture is and has always been a study impost or in the game of industrial revolution.MECHANISED produceING AND tap AGRICULTURE OUT PUT IN NIGERIAMechanization of the agricultural fabrication is the way out of solving Nigerias problem instead of the tractorization belief by some. Moreover, this can be achieve by matching up piece input with mechanization, bringing in machinery and increase the scale of production, so that whatever you produce will match the population growth rate.No doubt, Nigeria soil is rich and the climate good enough to grow nearly all kinds of food crop anybody can think of. What is required is to get an expert that will manage the soil.Some areas might not belief in tractorization but the use of animal plough, the best is to improve on the technique so you can accelerate their production rate. Some areas have vigor tillage, you plant and it will germinate, that kind of place does not need tractors but planters. In addition, part of mechanization plan that is proper is to plan for irrigation itself to pee the plant where there is no rain.There is need for improvement on subsistent farmers as record has it that 95% of agriculture product is from then. Subsistent farmers cultivate not more than four hectares. To move from the level of subsistent farming to scale farming, mechanization input must be there.The average impart of lemon crop in Nigeria is 3.5 tones per hectare, compared to 8.6 tones per hectare in developed countries. This is very low and cannot be friction match with the work force. With this low yield, commercial agriculture is hard to tot up by.From the global experience its suggests that the path ways along which commercial agriculture can develop, is by successful model ranging from highly diversified systems made up of small holders who deeply involved in commercial production to more specialized systems made up of large-scale mechanized farmers who produce exclusively for the market.Mechanized farming is an easy or stress free farming and the yield is far higher than hoe/merchant farming. It goes along way attracting the youthsINVOLVING NIGERIAN YOUTH IN MORDEN DAY AGRICULTUREOne of the factors that menace the sustainability of agriculture is the lack of involvement of our youth in it. It is becoming more and more difficult to attract our youth in agricultural pursuits.The average age of persons involved in domestic agriculture is 50-65 years old and without change magnitude participation from our youth, by the year 2014, the average age range of agriculture producers will be approximately 65-70 years.The contribution of the youth is essentially important in the development of rural areas. The youth are essential human beings in the development of rural areas. Studies have shown that rural areas, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, have high population ratio when compared to the urban centre.Youths in this context has been defined as individuals male or womanly in a higher place ten but below forty- atomic numb er 23 years. Indeed, the vital source of work force for development is seen within this range.The employment rate in this country is very low. According to United Nations, population found, approximately trine million people in Nigeria, mainly youths, move into the labour market each year with but few getting jobs. These young Nigerians can be re-trained in agriculture sector.When we g live our young people in the accomplish of domestic agriculture, it will in turn develop the rural areas, which is the subside of economic upliftment for the nation.The YPAD initiated QUEST TO ACHIEVED FOOD adequateness in order to involve young people in agriculture sector. This is a yearly course of instruction. The program provides the opportunity for development of practical skills in the areas of farm guidance, production and market of crops, livestock, as rise as the business administration of a successful farm enterprise.ACTUALIZING MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND 7-POINT AGENDAThe M DGs are simply targets and indicators to flier the progress in achieving the eradication of poverty, achieving universal access to primary education, promoting grammatical sex parity and women empowerment, reducing child mortality, improve parental health, combating HIV/ aid and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, developing a global compact for development.This project was signed in 2000 about nine years ago, with just six years reach 2015. The impact in agric sector is not visible like in the aspect of HIV/AIDS.The YPAD initiative is concentrating on youths and youths are in the vanguard of change. This program will contribute to the work of some of the MDGs goals much(prenominal) as, eradication of poverty by being self-employed, promoting gender parity and empowerment of women by giving equal opportunity to the female youth. Areas such as reducing of child mortality improve maternal health ensure environmental sustainability and developing a global partne rship for development will feel the impact.This project will be cited in the rural areas, since it has been revealed that the youth constitute the highest percentage of the rural population. The development of rural areas in developing countries is the root of economic upliftment for the nation.7-POINT AGENDAThe Yaradua 7-point agenda is the vehicle designed by the administration to take Nigeria to a state where the incumbent infrastructure will be in place for our collective benefit. Its expected, that, the Nigerian economy would become one of the top 20 in the world by 2020 through the agenda. That means we are aiming at a growth rate of 13 percent per year in the next 12 years and must be sustained to remain in the macro league.The seven elements of the agenda are Energy/Power, Security/Niger Delta, Wealth Creation, Food Security, Education/Human Capital Development, Transportation/Mass Transit and institute Re motleys. This project is designed to improve the general intume sce being of the citizens and taking Nigeria to the biggest 20 economies in the world by the year 2020.To attain growth rate of 13% annually, some sectors that leads to export of its products has to be submit. And one of this sector include agriculture which could earn the country over 60% GPD annually which is one of the objective of YPAD.This program will touch the lives of many Nigerians and see to the contribution towards the success of 7-point agenda.CHAPTER 3PLAN OF ACTIONWe have mapped out strategic plans of inculcating unemployed youths into farming sectors. This plan has worked in the entertainment exertion and today the entertainment industry is known all over the country. spacious awareness would be created through media, posters, handbill, signpost, bill get along with, Local government offices etc. whereby some unemployed youths who are willing to go into farming business or who want to be self-employed will be encouraged to come out in mass and register.The registrat ion will take place in any of the banks within the country for the period of two months hardly. right off after registration audition commences, muted cardinal five persons will be short listed to participate in the program.Land will be allocating to the twenty-five candidates. Since this is our first time, we intend to start with only twenty-five persons, five per group that is forming only five groups.The program is expected to last for only three months. During this period participants will be accommodated and well catered for. At the end of the third month, harvesting will take place. They will be hazard base on the quantities of their farm product. The participants are to undergo series of manner of spea plantking such as farm management, keeping of farm record, pest control, entrepot and preservation of farm products and entrepreneurship.In order to spring the program more attractive, participants will pay visit to farms, organization and some personnel.Area/ spotWith out land for cultivation, this project cannot be achieved. Acquiring land for cultivation is one of the major challenges most youth encounter. There is no doubt Nigeria is blessed with verse land. From research, it was estimated that 79 million hectares out of Nigerias enumerate land area of about 91million hectares were arable. However, only about 32 million hectares (or 46% of the cultivable area) were being cultivated out of which 90% of agricultural output is accounted for home base with less than two hectares under cropping. The remaining land are left uncultivated these lands can be cultivated by Nigerias youth if granted the chance and means. one-third states are chosen namely FCT, Niger and Nasarawa States. But only one out of the three states wills this event take place and this depends on the availability of land.Consolation PricesTo make the program more interesting and Competitive, there is going to be prize for the best group, as well as other groups.After harvesting the group with the highest yield have be sponsored for next farming season. The idea of introducing prize is to enhance their performance, help to bring out the best in each participant.HarvestingThe farm products give out to the participants. The instructors will teach the participants how to preserve their farm products and expose them to the buyers.CHAPTER 4 lay outSince this is going to be the first event we intended to start with corn whisky and cowpea. Maize is grown virtually in all parts of the country it is grown more in the mid(prenominal)dle belt and in the northwesterly central.MaizeMaize (zea mays) is an annual plant which belongs to family Gramineae and Genus zea. Zea mays L. have a normal Chromosome complement of ten pairs. It is divided into seven groups. The categorisation is based largely on the character of the kernels. Maize is a loosen up weather plant. It grows from sea level to 300 metre altitudes. The most worthy temperature for germination is 21oc and for growth 32oc. Fifty to Sixty centimeters of well distributed rain is conducive to proper growth.Maize is a cereal plant that produces grains that can be cooked, roasted, fried, ground, pounded or crushed to prepare various food items. Apart from orient human consumption lemon tree is also useful as medicines and as raw materials for industries such as breweries, pharmaceutical companies, baby cereals, livestock feeds and other industries.The global production of maize is estimated to about 300 Million tones per year.In Nigeria, its production is quite common in all parts of the country, form the north to the south, with an annual production of about 5.6 Million tones.Until recent years, the hoi polloi of maize grain produced in Nigeria was from the south-west zone. It was reported that western Nigeria more often than not produced about 50% of Nigeria grain maize, the remaining 50% being disunite between the north and east. Although large proportion of the grain maize is st ill produce form the south-western part, there has been a dramatic shift of dry grain production to the savannah, especially the Union Guinea savanna i.e. the centre and Northern belt of Nigeria where sunshine is adequate and rainfall is moderate. Under these conditions, retentiveness of grains can be accomplished without much damage from louse pests.In these zones farmers tends to prefer maize cultivation to sorghum. This trend may have been brought about for several reasons including availability of streak resistant varieties for all ecological zones in Nigeria, availability of high yielding hybrid varieties, increase in maize demand conjugated with the federal Government imposed ban on importation of rice, maize and wheat. Local production had to be geared up to meet the demand for direct human consumption and industries.The name maize is derived from the South American Indian Arawat Carib word Mahiz. It is also known as Indian corn or corn in America. It was introduced in to Nigeria probably in the 6th century by the Portuguese. Today maize crop skips about 1Milion hectare out of a Million hectares it occupied in Africa and it is the second most important cereal crop in Nigeria. The two varieties of maize are Hybrid and composite but for now we are making do with composite maize.LAND CLEARINGLand clearing must be carried out with minimal displacement of the topsoil. It requires judicious use of heavy machinery coupled with sound soil conservation measures that will preserve the soil profuseness status, which varies under long term fallow vegetation. Minimum tillage is a feasible way of sustaining high soil fertility under intensive maize farming. makeING TIMESowing date is an essential component of crop management. Yields decline with lateness of planting after an optimum time, usually the start of the rains. result of varieties to other inputs is dependent upon planting time. Optimum planting in each of the major agro ecological zones of Nigeri a falls with these following ranges.Forest Zone middle April 2nd Week in MayForest Savanna musical passage 3rd Week in April 3rd Week in May.Northern Guinea Savanna Last Week in May first Week in JuneSudan Savanna First 2 Weeks in June demesneMaize is best adapted to well drain Sandy loam to loose loam soils. Water stagnation is extremely harmful to the crop therefore, proper waste pipe is a must for the success of the crop especially during Kharif season. Maize will not thrive on heavy clays, especially lowlands. It can be grown successfully in soil whose PH ranges from 5.5 to 6.5PLANT NUTRIENTS AND fertilizer APPLICATIONSFor good growth and high yield, the maize plant must be supplied with adequate nutrients particularly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.DISEASE CONTROLAlthough several diseases have been identified on maize in Nigeria, only few of them significantly reduce maize yields. They are maize streak, downy influence, maize defile/chlorotic stunk, curvul aria leaf spot, stalk and ear rots.In order to make farming economically feasible, resistant line were bred and made available to farmers. With these efforts, maize streak, smut and rust have been kept under control.Genes for downy mildew unsusceptibility has been incorporated into streak resistant varieties.Scientists in Nigeria have developed high yielding disease resistant /tolerant maize varieties. The freshly developed varieties of maize have between 90 and 95% resistance to the pathogen without extra fungicide protection.Striga hermonthica is a threat to increased maize production in Nigeria particularly in the high yield potential savanna zone. Scientists have identified some inbreed and hybrids that have consistently demonstrated margin to S. hermonthica under heavy infestation also reported that the use of NPK and carbamide fertilizers as effective means of controlling S. hermonthica in maize field. pinhead CONTROLWeeds cause severe yield reduction in maize in Nigeria because they complete with the crop for nutrients. Water and light take controls is the most expensive operation in traditional maize farming since it is procured manually. Often, the labour is too expensive causing many farmers to abandon heater control thereby resulting in very low yields.INSECT lad CONTROLThere has been a renewed interest in the use of natural plant products in the protection of stored agricultural product against insect pest in storage.The use of plant products in form of powders in the management of stored products coleopteran is the most convenient, the powders are easy to apply, and the commodities remain clean after treatments. Moreover, the moisture fills of plants have been utilize successfully for the control of unlike species of stored product pests.POTENTIAL IMPACTS/POTENTIAL BENEFICIARIESMaize grain production in Nigeria would have at least double from 7m system of measurement tones in 2004 to 14.0M metric tones by 2007 or 21.0M metric tones by 2 010.Public/Private synergism for enhanced production established.Role of Nigeria as a lead player in disaster mitigation strengthened.Income generation, wealth creation, poverty reduction and modify food security through maize farming and related husbandry improved.COWPEA black-eyed pea is one of the most ancient crops known to man. Its broth and attendant domestication is associated with pearl millet and sorghum in Africa.It is now a broadly adapted and highly variable crop, cultivated around the world primarily for seed, but also as a vegetable, a cover crop and for fodder. Cowpea has a number of common names, including crowder pea, black-eyed pea and gray pea.It is known internationally as lubia, niebe, coupe or feijole. However, they are all the species genus Vigna unguiculata (L) walp, in older references may be identified as genus Vigna sinensis (L). The largest production is in Africa, with Nigeria and Niger predominating.World wide production of cowpeas is approximatel y 20Million acres. Cowpea is considered more tolerant to drought than Soya beans and better adapted to sandlike soils. Many cultivars have a vining growth habit or scrubbing type cultivars. But shrub type is better suited for direct combining.PLANT DESCRIPTIONAll cultivated cowpea varieties are considered warm season and adapted to heat and drought conditions. Cowpeas typically reach a canopy height of 30 to 36 inches, although the more determinate bush types may reach only 24 inches. The seed pods are borne above the leaf axil, making the pods very visible. The seeds pod is typically 3 to 6 inches long and has 6 to 13 seeds per pod. The seed weight per bush is 60 pounds with about 3,000 to 4,000 seeds per pound.UTILIZATIONThe fresh type referred to as southern peas are shelled green and the peas can be cooked fresh and canned or fixed for later use, but there is also consumption of the whole pea pod as a fresh vegetable. While the dried beans is frequently sold directly to the consumer after cleaning or freezing.Cowpea is consider nutritious with a protein limit of about 23%, fat content of 1.3%, fiber content of 1.8%, carbohydrate content of 67% and water content of 8 9%. As in most legumes, the amino vinegarish profile complements cereal grains.PLANTING/GROWINGFor optimum yield, cowpeas should be place in early June, although planting dates from late may through mid June are appropriate.The bush types yield better on closer row spacing. The seed should be planted similar to soybeans at 1 to 11/2 inches deep.FERTILITY MANAGEMENTAs a legume, cowpea fixes its own nitrogen and does not need nitrogen fertilizer. Infact, some of the vigorous, vining, varieties of cowpeas are dainty nitrogen producers as a cover crop. The soil PH should be 6.0 or higher.DISEASES AND INSECTSThe major insect pest is cowpea curculio, and the major disease is root knot, a severe root disease induced by root knot nematodes (melo dogyne spp) but active breeding has taken p lace for resistant varieties.GROWINGGrowing cowpea is fairly straight forward, with management practices being similar to soybeans. Proper site selection is important. Cowpea is well adapted to sandy soils, and will perform well on rich, well drained soils, but should not be grown on unfaltering or poorly drained soils.INTERCROPPING AND CROP ROTATIONCowpea has out standing potential for intercropping and crop rotation. In Africa, cowpea has been intercropped for a old with various other crops such as maize, groundnuts, millet and other grins.Report shows that 98% of cowpea grown in Africa is intercropped.Cowpea can be intercropped with taller plants, such as maize, particularly in high rainfalls areas, due to their exceptional fill in tolerance. They are also outstanding as straight rotational crop because of their susceptibility to root knot nematodes and their beneficial effect on subsequent maize crops, which lasts even for the second succeeding crop.ADVATAGES FOR INTERCROPP ING WITH MAIZEHigher total yields then sole crop yields, probably due to less intraspecific competition.Greater yield stabilityMore efficient utilization of environmental resourcesBetter weed controlProvision of insurance against crop failure. modify quality provided by varietyMaize as a sole crop requires a larger area to produce the same yield as the maize component in an intercropping system.CHAPTER 5PROPOSED ESTIMATES FOR QUEST TO ACHIEVEFOODSUFFICIENCY 2008LANDAbout 10,000 hectares located at Yangoji, Dafa, Tungan Galadima, Kwali Area Council all in FCT.The land is lease at N510, 000/hectare for 50years. For 25hectare it will cost N12, 750,000. But there is provision for mortgage finance option whereby the same land is used as collateral. With mortgage finance we are allowed to pay 50% (N6, 625,000.00) and get around the remaining payment within a particular period. The land can be renewed after 50years. No doubt, the mortgage finance lineation is preferred.FURNISHED THREE BEDROOM APARTMENTAPPLICANCESQTYUNITY PRICE(N)AMOUNT(N)Accommodation Three bedroom flat for 25 persons2250,000500,000.00Carpet for the three cortege6 room2,500/room15,000.00Rug in the seating room2room45,00090,000.00Six spring student mattresses254000100,000.00Pillows2550012,500.0021 Flat screen Television250,000100,000.00Refrigerator285,000170,000.00 stabilizer2 one hundred fifty0030,000.00Ceiling fans8300024,000.00Generator of 1.5kv Yamaha250,000100,000.00Total1,141500.00 promotional materialAnnouncement/airing on Electronic Media 4,500,000.00Newspaper Full foliate three times for three weeks 1,134,000.00Posters 500,000.00Banners 500,000.00Hand bill 200,000.00Bill board 3,000,000.00TOTAL N9, 334,000.00FEEDINGMEAL FOR TWENTY FIVE PERSONSThree c naira per meal, for three square off meal per person in a day it is N900 (nine hundred naira) N300/meal/N900/person/day.Three square meal for twenty five persons in a day cost N22, 500 (twenty two thousand five hundred) N22, 500/twenty five persons/three square meal/day.Twenty five persons in ninety days N2, 025,000.00 (two million twenty five thousand naira) N2, 025,000/twenty five persons/ninety daysBottle water N500, 000.00TOTAL N2, 525,000.00THE QUANTITY OF seeded player NEEDEDSEEDQTY/HaQTY/20HaUNIT PRICEAMOUNTMaize seed (ACR 97)20kg500kg150/kg75,000.00Cowpea20kg500kg200/kg100,000.00Apron star55,000.00 chap Control/weeding985,000.00TOTAL1,215,000.00Apron star (seed greasing) for slurry seed, treatment, fungicide, insecticide and seed treatment.PLANT NUTRIENTSPlant nutrients involve organic and inorganic nutrients.NutrientsBags/ha.Bags/20ha.Unit Price/Bag(N) make out (N)Fertilizer (151515) NPK6 bags150 bags3,000/bag450,000.00Urea (201010)2 bags50 bags2,500/bag125,000.00Organic nutrients/manure100,000.00TOTAL675,000.00FARM MACHINERYFARM TOOLSQTYUNIT PRICE(N)AMOUNT(N)Hoes (Galma)51,5007,500.00Machetes51,0005,000.00Tractor (Hiring for 3days)215,000/day90,000.00 planter (plating for 3day)25,000/day30,000.00Tot