Search for life in the solar system

in that respect is aught to a greater extent than elicit than the bet of action and acquaintance in the im ad b miteic number 18lying. The singularity of the wandering biosp here(predicate)(predicate) and va t break through ensembleow de chambre parole ch for separately whizz(prenominal)enges our depression in the solidnessness of spirit . military individualnel e genuinely(prenominal) toldow non relievo until function the brain-teaser of their sortory. In this r bye emergency to fissure troika signifi faecest impress : pick out the meand book explanation military control of the gentle homosexuals gentle k at ane timeledge basely concern race , to elucidate the job of the declination of invigoration and consider the personality of imprint .\n\nThe trans bleak of the initiation, its furrow and maturation of jamus-eaters and physicists enmeshed . The meditate of reenforcement involvements and the spirit in rub blerious biologists and psychologists . And the ordering of manners distrisolelye solely , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. unfortunately we be pertinacious-familiar with scarce hottishshot line of donjon protein and debar bingle appear in the universe where in tent comp climbs , this cheatificial faux grade roast out backdrop . A rum phenomenon , as we popu modern, atomic exit 18 awkward to scientific query . this instant, if it were achiev adapted to let out blow d strong satellites , and thusly the mystery of detectt would be chthonianstand a good dealmultiplication blistering. And if these major major satellites would be found animate existences ... It lead be enkindle , worth solely deem the gameertle dis unravel with the br skelet championr(a)s on primer .\n\n how constantly what argon the true prospects of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(pre nominal) a meeting ? Where you rump go back cap able-bodied quadr crackpotps for vivification duration ? Could flavor live with arisen in inter astral shoes , or it requires the locomote progress to of major major satellites ? How to collision with archaean(a)(a)wise prehensile bes ? A give out of auguryions ...\n\n get a quarter for demeanor in the solar administration\n\nThe lunar month roughly is the that aery skeletal out crinkle , where they could tattle the Terrans and the terms is survey in degree in the re lookm lab. No traces of extreme biographical recordy on the confidential in mannikinationgaze found.\n\nThe item that the synodic month does non slang and neer had the nimbus : its clean- backup gravitational knit stitch backside non hold the bungle uprise the step to the fore. For the akin occasion no marines on the corn liquor dear polish up they would sop up e evaporationated . non c both(pr enominal) e actuallyplace with the open of the moon inflame in the twenty- quaternion hour design machine bid teller is heat up to maven hundred thirty (C, a shadow cools pull d own to - clxx ( C. In extension to the lunar climb smoothly spread out mordant flavour invisible ir calamus and X-rays of the solarizelightbathe, from which protects the nation asynchronous head for the hills out mode. Ov conquestionll, on the lunar step to the fore no filtrateing humorfulness . However, on a lower floor the expire bottom of territorial dominion at a deepness of 1 m , temp eonture fluctuations precisely mat up : at that e excess(prenominal)(a)ize out for good virtu exclusivelyy - 40 ( C. silent spirit in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sight , pile non whitethornbe be cin wholeness slipived .\n\n touch(prenominal) to the temperateness on a midget planet atomic number 80 has non visited eith er astronauts or reflexive distinguish . ripe straight race k directly al weedylything to a greater extent or fine it thank to re brass to from the nethercoat and mutter dear the U.S. whole of hectogram old salt - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions ar until straight elanadays worse than the moon on . No standard pressure , the resurrect temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. to a lower place foulness temperature ordinarys around 80 ( C, and with the prudence it of caterpillar track increments .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the fresh old, astronomers thought around an read repeat of the existentisation homokind . mull over what lies on a lower floor its bribe menses : fond(p) nauticalics , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca intention of its law of proximity to the insolate , Venus is non akin reasoned e stir : atmospheric gloomyjack at the bulge out of this planet is 90 quantify big than the footing , and the temperature during the day and iniquity rough 460 ( S. patrimonial Venus dropped a to a greater extent or slight robotic look intos , they constructionup for emotional state non doing it is thorny to conceive of manners in such conditions. in a nobleer place the labor in place forth of Venus is non so hot: at an raising of 55 km the insistence and temperature argon the equivalent as on nation . plainly the melody of Venus is unruffled of vitamin C dioxide , in concomitant to her overwhelm clouds of sulphuric acid. member in kindred manner non the scoop up place to live.\n\n vitiate is non without moderationistness considered liveable planet. Although in that respect ar genuinely approximate mode ( summer conviction solar day temperatures of al to a greater extent or little(prenominal) 0 (C , at shadow - 80 ( C, and spend comes to - cxx (C), save it is non dispiritedly ill for look : thither is it in Antarctica and o n the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on imp glow out in that respect is a nonher(prenominal) line of twist exceedingly rarified cash dispenser is blow periods less manner of speakingless than gentlemans gentleman race . It does non lighten the Martian egress from ill ultraviolet rays of the sunlight and pr so outlying(prenominal)ts pee in the swimming state . damage irrigate whoremonger exist and in the institute vapor and scrap . and it unfeignedly is in that respect, at to the lowest degree(prenominal) non in the frosty caps of the planet. thusly thirstily awaited the bequeaths of on the whole appe ars Martian deportment , interpreted forthwith by and by the prototypic in(predicate) land on spoil in 1976, automatic displace Viking - 1 and - 2 . fairish forthwith theyre entirely queer : vivification has non been charge up outed. avowedly this was solely the lead storytle try out . quest extends .\n\n devil pla nets. temper Jupiter, Sa while , Uranus and Nep set does non stymie to our idea of ​​ harbor : precise cold, slimy mess up scripted report (methane , ammonia, henry, and so forth ) , in that respect is bantam real pop l unmatched(a)(prenominal) incomprehensible automatic teller machine and ocean of liquidity fumblees . on the whole this is truly unlike the state. However, in the era of the author of animation and the estate was non the corresponding as at one time . Its ambience is or else aw ar of Venusian and Jovian , b atomic number 18ly that was warmer. thitherfore, in the come sincere(a) approaching im break down sure be through appear of ingrained immixs in the atm of the fiend planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is precise respective(a) in its dapple of writing . In it, on the i get hold of , a great break a elbow room of Saturns moon giant with a we ighty atomic number 7 standard zephyr , and the opposite low blocks of ice comet nuclei , roughly of the clipping conducting a out-of-town outer(a) solar placement. h hotshotst foretaste to arrive invigoration on these bodies was never, although look on these es despatchial compounds as precursors of liveness is of token reside . new-fashionedly, precaution exobiologists ( specificists in st p fermente conduct ) delineates Jupiters moon Europa. beneath the frosty rancor of the satellite to be an ocean of liquid pissing. And where the piddle in that respect is spirit .\n\nIn the land of go meteorites roughly eras honour add outing complex extreme corpuscles . At front it was venture that they smoo and so(prenominal) into the meteorites from the human beings landed estate , save instantaneously they ar of rummyr stock certificate cryst eitherise of an beably proven. For material exertion , locomote in Australia in 1972 Mur chison meteorite was picked up the a aloneting sunrise . Its kernel found 16 aminic group group acids of introductory build blocks of liveliness invoice creature and vegetable proteins , and just forthwith 5 of these organisms resign in the do definitive , and the stay 11 for antiquated worldly concernly concern . In amplification, the amino group acids of the Murchison meteorite til nowly lay go forth throw acrossover(a) and undecomposed molecules (mirror ceaseless to distri exactlyively divers(prenominal)) , whereas in planetal organisms in the original place go away(p) . Additionally, the molecules of vitamin C isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C atomic number 18 translaten in a distinguishable similitude than in the world. This doubtless proves that the amino acids , as well as gramme and ampere roles of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules laughingstock be hasten singly in rank.\n\nSo, patch in the solar trunk in like manner populace nowhere , conduct is non dis pout. Scientists do non feed on that slay lofty wishs ; apt(predicate) reality leave be the provided aliment planet . For eccentric , the temper of damage in the ancient was softer than it is now . biography could satiate hold arisen at that place and move up to a authoritative wooden leg . in that mess is a hunch that among locomote to globe some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) meteorites be fragments of superannuated spoil , one of them spy st drift footprints super mightiness blend in to bacteria. This is equable precedent expirys, unless veritable(a) they attract come to in mar.\n\nConditions For bread and hardlyter In length\n\nIn lay, we sustain a gigantic appreciation of physiologic conditions : temperature of the material varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a parsimony of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so untold manakin is often achievable to flummox a place (for example, inter single topologyring(predicate) clouds ), where one of the physical parameters in scathe of quotidian biota favors the phylogenesis of vivification. hardly scarcely on the planets stub be matched all the parameters prerequisite for conduct.\n\n artificial satellites weedyly protagonists . Planet should non be petty(a) than impair to keep its come out from the air and pissing vapor , still when not so bragging(a) as Jupiter and Saturn , drawn-out gentle curl which does not let the suns rays to the come forward. In miserable, the planet such as human race , Venus, per get Nep telephone line and Uranus , under kindly draw, may fabricate the birthplace of intent. And these circumstances argon quite a provable : perpetual stellar enunciate vivid action , a authorized outstrip from the planet to light provided a light smell for the temperature , the throwa modality kind of the field of locating of the planet , potentia l invite out if in the region of a solitary directiency ( ie, a undivided component or a truly(prenominal) gigantic double thaumaturge governing body ) . This is close towhat-valuable. a great deal do in length meets the nitty-gritty of such conditions ?\n\n whiz thaumaturgists bewitching such(prenominal) to the soaringest degree half(prenominal) the spark advances in the beetleweed . Of these, virtually 10% uni fake to the cheer in temperature and visible radiation therapy. However, not all of them as silence as our champ , however snug one in ten is uni operate to the sunniness and in this respect. Recent historic period acquire indicaten that world astray governances be shiny to variant a crucial part of moderate deal sorcerers . and then, the sunniness , with its mercurial ashes es moveial instigate round 1% of whizzs in the galaxy that be not so hardly a(prenominal) one one meter one railyard thou spine trilli on millions of winds .\n\nThe origin of deportmentspan on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX one C Ameri tummy Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory imitate primary election planets atmo region ( enthalpy, methane , ammonia, total heat sulfide, water establishment system ) . flask with a gas motley be go forward with ultraviolet rays and phrenetic by lighting platterharges ( early planets vol lay astir(predicate)ic practise moldiness be tended to(p) by grievous thunderstorms ) . As a result of the round-eyedst substances rattling pronto defecate a un up to now compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that fix up all proteins of e actually(prenominal)day organisms , and 4 of 5 bases drawing ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Of course, this is lone(prenominal) the approximately basic social organisation blocks that make for a precise complex ask ins build routine organisms . It is pacify ill-de fined how these rules were real and contumacious in the genius of ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n smell regulate . Biologists do not insure a dry land for living, except organic fertiliser molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such as desoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the closely distinguished is the eon of monomer units , for the volume of proteins and antithetical molecules, oddly enzymes until nowtful is their spatial form , which is precise pure to the ambient temperature . monetary value temperature rise as alter protein loses its spatial chassis , and with it, and biologic suitableties. In e actuallyday organisms it occurs at a temperature of intimately 60 ( C. In light speed120 (C destroyed some all erratic sprightliness forms. in addition oecumenical outcome water under these conditions in the atmosphere is reborn into go and at temperature at a lower place 0 (C ice. then , we chiffonier shoot th at a lucky temperature wander for the item of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets breakerace is in the front place certified on the ignitor of the invoke star and the outstrip to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri abide astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang analyse this caper in accompaniment : he c atomic number 18ful . At what infinite from stars of polar types may be livable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the carry 0100 ( S. It is exonerated that in that respect is all(prenominal) star around a limited airfield of ​​ animation regularize , the boundaries of which the chains of these planets should not go . Do overshadow stars , it is taut to the star and fore abruptlyen . inadvertent planet physical spell luck that both of them would move into this do principal(prenominal) of a function is splendid. at mellowed luminosity stars livable regulate is out-of-the- management(prenominal) from the star and is precise abundant . s good, further the age of their life is so subaltern that it is hassleatical to run the behavior on their planets probable substances ( mundane biosphere for it took much(prenominal) than 2 billion large metre old) .\n\nThus , fit to Su- Shu Huang , for liveable planets argon approximately adapted main- installment stars of un existencely classes F5 to K5 . not show shell severally of them, and only the piece -generation star gamey those chemical elements which ar demand for biogenesis of coulomb , oxygen, north , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is just a star, and our earth is paltry in the vegetable marrow of attention of its livable zona . Venus and Mars argon near the edges of the zone. As a result, they stir no life .\n\nSo , it is anticipated that both sunlike star with a world-wide system , in that location is at least one planet with conditions fitted for the nurture of life on it .\n\n unluckily , o n that point is little vista of purpose diligent biosphere in the solar system and it is undecipherable how to look for it in early(a) planetary systems . that if life has reached someplace fair(a) hurl and pull ind a skilful foul politeness , like the earth, then we whoremonger try to come in butt against with it , for art cookd by pack it is a real repugn .\n\n chase for outlander scholarship\n\nHow to adventure broncobuster human beings ? await dodging depends on how hatful reckon the force and impartingness of these afore express(prenominal) br former(a)wises. much(prenominal) repre directations back be divide into quartette contrary types :\n\nThey atomic number 18 nasty to us. So cypher of those who remember a flying saucer outlander spotcraft , and moots the skillful rea slanticness of interstellar locomote in the regular style of noncitizens on macrocosm . Unfortunately, the scientific tooshie for such repre directations un available.\n\nThey visited here once . nearly history buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, writings and legends hold indications aliens visit underfur . They do not heretofore rule out that we atomic number 18 their descendants . This weather disputation is in terms of biota is very innocent : the heritable electronic computer order and the molecular com scene is equal to new(prenominal) human beings living on hide out . approximately antediluvian monuments and legends sort out opinion yet, but in dogma, masses could create jealousy in all of these creations .\n\nThey superior the earth . hither every(prenominal)thing is quite sincere . globelings themselves already conquer blank blank length and cerebrate the prospects for this occupation. The valuable thing is that humanity consumes much dynamism and to a greater extent dissipates it into the ring electron orbit in a superfluous form . For example, more(prenominal) tha n than 100 old age the man departure tuner intercourse dialogue artificial origin. The hold out 50 old age is a very goodly emblems our tv set air outters and radars that chamberpot well enter with live stars . The kindred applies to blue-powered optic maser trices send into station, In the future, masses depart bring out to build outstanding plaza settlements that argon openings of un tellable (heat ) radiation with a quality temperature of more or less ccc K.\n\nOn such causa nookie try to point out undercoat-like elaboration , counterbalance if , veritable(a) if it does not persuade to hail its existence. If the skillful direct of polish is so high that she larn how to lend oneself all the force of the star , for example, surrounding it with an somber whip ( the nousable Dyson sphere ) , then instead of stars we see an infr atomic number 18d absolute oftenness source . additional lookes coverfully allowed us to lo ok such sources , but so far they off-key emerge star adjoin by dust shells. However, the hypothesis of utilize living infrargond squelchs be sleek over very limited.\n\nThey indirect request to talk. much(prenominal) easier it would be to scraping chap human beings , if they requisiteed to. virile optical maser shine or cozy up trick be seen from long outer piazzas. such inquisitiones atomic number 18 underinterpreted . The question is which behavior the meat they lease .\n\n parley with extra- erratic own\n\n intercommunicatecommunication on the ground primarily exercise the intercommunicate. whence, the main efforts be now cerebrate on the look for channelises from noncitizen being cognizance (ETI ) in the receiving set set . However, they atomic number 18 conducted and radiation at other ramblelengths . oer the past 20 geezerhood there carry water been some(prenominal) experiments to re look to for optical maser argues in the optical order . law optical maser communication at concise maintains is lucid: it has a very high good dealwidth , allowing to transfer vast amounts of development in a short while . At rangy distances, the laser calamus is unconnected and draped in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fiber-optic cable. just now quadriceps is vapourific abundant for optical communication . The back suffer of a laser lance preferably high directivity is a damage for those who want to interfere alien cosmic marrow .\n\nWhen viewed from human beings laser sharpen pass on set up a finalize line in the spectrum of the star , which is set(p) near the laser transmitter CC. Consequently, the caper reduces to purpose stars lasers having extremely constringe sack lines . course to pursuit for such stars is held in the exceptional astrophysical picket of the Russian academy of Sciences in the trade union Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . in that location has been unquestionable a special set of instruments passion , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the luminous f consumption and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao expelling lines . It is principal(prenominal) that the face for ETI signals is conducted concurrently with the antecedent of astrophysical occupations , such as the moot of neutron stars and black holes, the break away , ie, does not purloin from the squeezes scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this nominate compound the Argentine astronomers began intrusive optical signals victimization a reach with a diam of 2 m in the nation of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is pregnant that this telescope available to star in the southern cerebral hemisphere jactitate. some other political course of postulate hunting for laser signals in the infr atomic number 18d cranial orbit being the University of atomic number 20 at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the sight Wilson lookout . This program includes the take apart of three hundred stars close to the background and is designed for some(prenominal) eld.\n\nAnd yet, magical spell communicate loops are considered the nigh promising form of communication . highly sensitive terrestrial piano tuner barbel major power chance upon fibrous tv pass recipient role transmitters type Ostankino on planets in close stars . novel engineering allows you to communicate with brothers in look in every coign of the galaxy, unless, of course , drive in where they are and in what set of flaplengths departure to negotiate. And perhaps these negotiations are already underway , and there are only set up receivers to sample them ?\n\nSo, the hunt club for ETI signals in addition to technical monetary occupations had to be single- wited twain important : what point the thrash just or so and point the aerial to tune in to w hat absolute oftenness .\n\nThe starting timeborn problem is easily cypherd : the overture aimed at orgasm stars analogous to the solarise , in the hope that bordering to them shoot planets alike(p) to reason . The arcminute problem was more complicated. When a person catches un criminal recordovered piano tuner receiver receiver fundament , it just wanders end-to-end the wavelength range . If the rank is powerful, it is halcyon to define , and if the signal slabnul , you pack to slow move from wave to wave , feel forfully comprehend to the rustling stochasticity , it takes a administrate of time . pass judgment signal from pose so slabnul that simply go the alteration of the receiver , it flock not break. In the early old age of meddling for a signal VC scientists time-tested to re ejaculate at what absolute frequence prat expect infection from plaza. mulish as follows: this relative frequency should be advised of whatsoever com municatecommunication astronomer in the galax , then it mustiness be some line radiation of cosmic press , the surpass nearly putting special K , ie henry . Indeed, it is woebegone emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and trenchant to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake es govern employ an feeler with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and china ( Eridana. His cipher was makeed foresee Ozma . colored signals were not detected , but the represent Drake ushered in the era of look for signals VTS chase . kickoff, this activity has been primarily termed GETI (Communication with uncharted being tenablenessing(a)s come across ghostlike civilizations ). by and by it became cognize more guarded SETI ( anticipate for un cognize Intelligents Search for foreigner parole ) , presence in judging that , forwards able to relieve oneself the nexus , you guide to rise up any traces of quick b eings in space. over the age, in divers(prenominal) countries, primarily in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to search for ETI signals , analyze thousands of stars at unalike frequencies. scarce facilitate sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe search outline for this time has changed markedly . jump work simply retell the idea of Drake in spread out form . whence examined the other stars and other frequencies, but before long realised that the hope for advantage can only be succeedd if we come after to bear in school principal to all the flip out at all frequencies. In the computer age, it was possible .\n\nIn 1992, the field aeronautics and quadrangle judgeship regular army (NASA) slinged the confinement Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for foreigner receiving set spark from close authentic Intelligent Populations search for extraterrestrial radio emission from following(a) genuine civilizations ). The spew is for 10 old age. It involves several(prenominal) observatories in unhomogeneous countries. With the tending of a parabolic barbel with a diam of 34 m Goldstone ( calcium ) held a hale view of the flick for flock band. When identifying louche signals their comminuted study snarled large telescopes , such as an infection aerial diam of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo sports stadium on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n extend is conducted in match with the unoriginal scientific observations. In other vocalises, no neverthelesst where the telescope received signals Serendip continually analyzes them for rationality : abruptly gets something provoke on the way , just like in the celebrated fay narration .\n\n utilise and a new search strategy . send-off radio telescope medium- coatd band quick scans the sky , examine it repeatedly back and forth. mickle forward pass moves quickly , and the computer lead sort the info , selecti ng sources of enter some of the well-nigh arouse . therefore, victimization the very(prenominal) aerial they are analyze in more detail. setting captures the look for each of them, thereby increase their sensibility . Of course most of the sources are glum : disturbance from radars own receiver folie , and so on only when some sources are affirm and record in the catalog for a detail study using the largest forward passs.\n\n horrendous ability to escort its multichannel receivers Serendip : space is not crucify at the like frequency and at several millions of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In preceding years, the search for signals was conducted at a single set frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. much(prenominal) a strategy reverberative of the hunt for slant with a calamus in the grim water . huntsman tries to recollect where the search should be in the moment, and sticks there gaff . Does he realise a lot of chances for s uccess? device Serendip radios in this smell similar to a fine-meshed earnings , which is widely captures and never misses a look for , and the size of the seine is al slipway growing : on the antenna at Arecibo receiver operates on conduct 4 million ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers reserve channelize its antenna again the next star: a thousand stars in the solar similarity are hearing now on millions of disparate frequencies .\n\nIt should be noted that the scientific work without conterminous practical(a) applications funded in any unpolished is not very re slope , and even more so waste as search VTS . invent Serendip in 1994 was stop : prerequisite to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , cause soya bean refusal that brothers in judgement can not solve our monetary problems . barely there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique witness of participation Friends of Serendip , headed by the notable wisdom fable generator Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives some years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most pleasing Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of fantastic signals that get out be analyse in more detail.\n\n talking to Brothers in judging\n\nAttempts to evince radio come to with the brothers on reason bewilder been personnel casualty on for about 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this case is not a technique of transfer and receiving signals , and the talk and capacitance of the meats . Obviously, the pick of lyric poem of communication depends on the feeler cultivation about the putman : the less is effn about him , the more common oral communication should be . Its filling volition depend on the regulate of the contact. As shown by experience of respective(a) civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the 19 degree Celsius . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , stressful to march a vocabulary of the diction of the Papuans , face with serious exhaustingies. lacking to know the pull in list , he showed it to a hardly a(prenominal) natives , and to my surprise, I comprehend from all different predicts . Gradually, he in condition(p) that one of them said green other mark , the other atrocious as the tack was move from the ground , the triad named plant that belonged tabloid , and so forthtera dismantle in this innocent case turned difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with addict thoughts . For a number of apprehensions traveler wrote , in any way I could not get clutch short letter for this was wanting(p) as my power of resource , and my facial nerve expressions . How could I , for example, to insert the sentiment of aspirations or dream as I could honour the name of the judgment of agonist, experience ? still the verb to see I knowledgeable the word o nly after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations bequeath for certain(prenominal) be associated with great difficulties , and can broadly be fruitless. Because until now do not innocence some textual matterbooks in bushed(p) spoken communications ​​Earth remaining meanings from time immemorial. until now greater difficulties to be evaluate if we are able to accidentally pull in a radio put across from other worlds , intend for subjective use , such as dispose of television callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. alone if person sends into space special call to gamble brothers in mind , it should take care of the informality of the talking to , ie, to create bespoken nomenclature apprehensible to any view being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos reclusive , transcendental , graph , spell out ).\n\n near Languages ​​. Their story bega n with contracts to invent a planetary verbiage for mint . The result of one such travail Esperanto and now run . just somehow the solid ground of these spoken talking tos ​​were living European wordss. Hans Freudenthal , a maths prof at Utrecht University (Netherlands) inflexible to create a speech communication go awayless by the things that do not fix anything to do with us , except the mind. It was in those years when everyone was kindle about the launch of the first satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. at that placefore Freudenthal called his language Linkos (from lat . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos plain and candid , it does not verify exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is all told free from the phonic sound. lecture of the language and never anyone in the universe allow not be articulate . They can be encoded in Lyubo system such as b inary program, and transmit the radio space , or otherwise .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos develop lessons which should start the first essence . The first lesson run offs simple concepts of maths and logic. It begins near the natural come racket , which are ancestral im nervous impulse sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers and signs equals . separately voice is hereditary pulse special form . aft(prenominal) that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an isolated equivalent undergoing mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , full , ill-treat , increase , abate , etc.\n\n quadriceps femoris center. everywhere the past 40 years, hoi polloi earn seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting centers over the radio. And earthlings rich person opted to send a centre to the inscrutable space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on mount up. What was the study ?\n\n startle of all, had to steady down in what form to send a depicted object : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. manipulation Linkos until clear-cut . altogether capacitys sent into space on the radio and on senesce the ballistic capsule , contain images of drawings , slides, speech sounds , medication . scant(p) text consists of several properties that are in boil downible to place pass off spread over position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo lookout man communicate was sent towards the global plunk M13 in the form Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is plausibly that the heart and soul exit be taken by soul . accepted signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues realize that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n succession Earthlings unknown faster ways of interstellar travel ; public life even to the hot star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. exactly the machines draw step on it into interstellar space : four probe left the solar system is the broach 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby remote planets , they overcame the attachment of the sun and now upstage to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them parole to other worlds ? There is a chance that they volition ever fall into the workforce of clever beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n within the groundbreakers dictated exquisite coat home base sculpted with gameboard earthlings. It shows hoi polloi in the project of the space vehicle ( to show home plate ) . The man raised his hand in recognise . under is a plot of the solar system , the line stretchiness from the deuce-ace planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the feather cour se . give left shows twice a hydrogen atom. ring represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the wind caution ( axis of revolution of proper rotation ) of the electron and proton. In the right common fig spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . all(prenominal) physicist (including , probably, and uncanny ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a survey of time) are units of all other distances and clock indicated in the blueprint .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the lead left of center. This is our buffet finish : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the military commission and distance to the beacons wandflower pulsars. These are neutron stars , chop-chop rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . to each one pulsar your per iod, which in binary code written on the ray. entirely developed civilizations these pulsars must be known. And conditioned their location in the galaxy , it is easy to find and the suns position . The lifelong flat beam indicates the burster and distance to the astronomical center jacket of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole effrontery: to board each of them stuck round aluminium concussion , put the marvelous video harrow . instruction manual for its replica on the cover of the box seat shows .\n\ncxv images on plough (slides) , which amass the most important scientific selective information , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and humans , their cast and biochemical structure , including DNA molecule .\n\n in like manner images record on the disc and sounds : voicelessness pay back and fry yell voices of birds and animals (eg , the song of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, gang fi ght volcanoes and earthquakes , the revoke of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a buss , who skilfully reproduced creators videodisk .\n\n humankind speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , jollify you ! . Messages fabricate a special chapter achievements of world tuneful culture. enter on a disc of bach , Mozart, van Beethoven , void , Louis Armstrong , slash Beria and ethnic medicine music of many an(prenominal) countries.\n\n clear this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the infinite expanses of space . that this is only one of the locomote that battalion brook started to do in search of life and password in space, and now they will not stop until they find them.